Various metrics are employed in pharmaceutical sector to define a system-wide, cycle-based perspective so as to deduce an accurate measure of ‘greenness’ of chemical processes and products. Green metrics cover areas of resources, materials, processing, cleaning, life cycle assessment and renewability. This review describes commonly used metrics to measure greenness of chemical reactions and pro...

www.pharmtech.com yophilization or freeze-drying is often used to stabilize various pharmaceutical products, including virus vaccines, protein and peptide formulations, liposome, and small-chemical drug formulations (1–4). Often a pharmaceutical product may be susceptible to physical and chemical degradation when stored as a ready-to-use solution. The goal of the formulations scientist is to id...

Microbes constitute important platforms for the biosynthesis of numerous molecules of pharmaceutical interest such as antitumor, anticancer, antiviral, antihypertensive, antiparasitic, antioxidant, immunological agents, and antibiotics as well as hormones, belonging to various chemical families, for instance, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polyketides, amines, and proteins. Engineering mic...

A brief review of studies using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate homogeneous catalytic reactions in fine chemical and pharmaceutical context since 2010 is presented. The advantages of the techniques over traditional lab-based analytical tools, particularly when NMR spectroscopy fails to deliver mechanistic insights, are summarised using these examples. A discussion on the curr...

At the beginning of the20th century classical biotechnology and chemical synthesis were for many purposes alternative technologies. Spite of the importance of classical bio-technology (which mainly drew on the application of enzymatic processes and microbiology for the production of good and services) at that time specially in Germany, the German drug producers made use of the organic chemical ...

Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive chemical derivatives of a drug molecule that require a transformation within the body in order to release the active drug. They are designed to overcome pharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetically based problems associated with the parent drug molecule that would otherwise limit the clinical usefulness of the drug. The scientific rationale, based on clinica...

From long time, scientists are looking for natural biomolecules in order to discover new pharmaceutical agents. Therefore polysaccharides which are natural molecules from several biotopes (microbial, plant, algae, fungi, animals, and insects) constitute a very large potential of application for medical treatment. Among them, chitosan a deacetylated form of chitin (one of the most abundant polys...

In this work we follow the polyethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles through human skin. Photoluminescence (PL) is used to quantify the amount of these nanocarriers into the layers of the skin stratum corneum (SC). To obtain samples of each layer of SC, tape stripping technique was conducted. Reproducible data were obtained, and the nanoparticles’ distribution in each layer of the SC is presented. P...