The traditional philosophical doctrines of Consequentialism, Doing and Allowing, and Double Effect prescribe that moral judgments and decisions should be based on consequences, action (as opposed to inaction), and intention. This study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how these three factors affect brain processes associated with moral judgments. We find the following: ...

Philosophers today are deeply divided by issues of a kind that can be described as "metaepistemological" -issues concerning the concepts and methodology appropriate for a philosophical investigation of human knowledge. In thinking about some of these controversial issues it seems to me helpful to draw a distinction between two kinds of epistemic merit intrinsic and instrumental. There are many ...

This paper examines the development of Sanlun School’s Threefold Middle Way doctrine, focusing on contributions Sengquan and Falang. Often seen as pillars thought preceding Jizang, their teachings remain under-explored in scholarship. study combines a close reading philosophical texts with historical context to generate an in-depth understanding how evolved over generations. introduced complex ...

This paper presents an overview of the Austrian school of economics. Even though it started with Carl Menger and the intellectual circle in 19 century Vienna, its theoretical and philosophical roots go far back to the Scholastics and even the Greeks starting with Socrates (469-399 B.C.), Plato (427-347 B.C.), Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and later John Locke (1632-1704), Richard Cantillon (1680-173...

Some philosophers have replied to Leibniz’s “shift” argument against the reality of absolute space by appealing to anti-haecceitist doctrines about possible worlds, influenced especially by David Lewis’s counterpart theory. But separated from Lewis’s distinctive views about what possible worlds are, it is difficult to understand what those doctrines really amount to, and why they are relevant t...

the most accurate contracts may also be involved in ambiguity, and interpretation is trying to understand the legal concept. insurance contract are counted as accession contracts in which the insured has no thorough understanding of the terms. because of parties inequality in insurance contracts, they fall into a different category from the interpretation perspective and demand protective inter...

PRESENTISM AND ONTOLOGICAL SYMMETRY Joseph Diekemper Introduction Presentism tells us that since only the present exists, the past and future are equally unreal. But presentism is also motivated, just as any A-Theory of time is, by the common sense intuition that the past is fixed and the future not. It is, in part, this belief in a robust asymmetry of fixity that makes the A-Theory distinctive...

We pursue the definition of a KZ-doctrine in terms of a fully faithful adjoint string Dd ⊣ m ⊣ dD. We give the definition in any Gray-category. The concept of algebra is given as an adjunction with invertible counit. We show that these doctrines are instances of more general pseudomonads. The algebras for a pseudomonad are defined in more familiar terms and shown to be the same as the ones defi...

There is considerable disagreement over optimal antitrust policy. Some propose a weak role for antitrust authorities, others a strong role. These differences don’t stem principally from politics, in the sense of different interests expressing different views. Rather, they stem from differences in the overall antitrust doctrine held by regulators, other policymakers, scholars and advocates. In f...

The significance of the ethical concepts Kant, developed in critical period his philosophy, goes far beyond boundaries Enlightenment. In Groundwork Metaphysics Morals, Critique Practical Reason, Morals Kant criticises most common doctrines morality eighteenth century, including philosophy moral sense and Wolffian ethics. However, almost all Kant’s life took place “Age Reason”, early works fit c...