This study examined the distribution of culturable fungi and predominant genera in organic layer upper layers mineral soil six broad-leaved tree plantations autumn, after full fall leaves. In total, 1335 fungal isolates were recovered from an two (0–4 cm 5–8 cm) soil. The structure differed three studied layers. was most populated by compared to layer, Penicillium phyllosphere such as Cladospor...

Secondary compounds in fruit mediate interactions with natural enemies and seed dispersers, influencing plant survival and species distributions. The functions of secondary metabolites in plant defenses have been well-studied in green tissues, but not in reproductive structures of plants. In this study, the distribution of toxicity within plants was quantified and its influence on seed survival...

Studies were undertaken to determine the impact of environmental variables temperature (12.5/9.5, 20/17, 27/24 °C day/night) and soil moisture (100, 50% WHC), their interaction with Phoma medicaginis infection, on production phytoestrogen coumestrol in annual Medicago rugosa cv. Paraponto M. scutellata Sava. Disease factors measured included leaf disease incidence/severity, petiole/stem yellowi...