In classical Ayurvedic medicine, the jungle is the dry land of the Punjab and the Delhi Doab, an open vegetation of thorny shrubs. The polarity of dry lands and wet lands framed not only the whole Ayurvedic materia medica, but also the more general conception of a cosmic physiology governed by Agni (the sun) and Soma (the dispenser of the rain). Clearing the land and draining the body were two ...

DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is an error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) that contributes to the accumulation of DNA mutations. We recently showed that Pol ι is overexpressed in human esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissues which promotes ESCC' progression. The present study was aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms by which Pol ι enhances the in...

All eukaryotes have three essential nuclear multisubunit RNA polymerases, abbreviated as Pol I, Pol II and Pol III. Plants are remarkable in having two additional multisubunit RNA polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V, which synthesize noncoding RNAs that coordinate RNA-directed DNA methylation for silencing of transposons and a subset of genes. Based on their subunit compositions, Pols IV and V clearl...

Plants are unique among eukaryotes in having five nuclear multisubunit RNA polymerases. These include RNA polymerases I, II, and III (Pols I, II, and III), which are ubiquitous among eukaryotes, plus two plant-specific RNA polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V, that are 12-subunit enzymes that evolved as specialized forms of Pol II. Pols IV and V are nonessential for viability but play important roles ...

The eukaryotic RNA polymerases Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III are the central multiprotein machines that synthesize ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA, respectively. Here we provide a catalog of available structural information for these three enzymes. Most structural data have been accumulated for Pol II and its functional complexes. These studies have provided insights into many aspects of th...

Here, we discuss the overall architecture of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and III (Pol III) core enzymes and their associated general transcription factors in the context of models of the Pol I and Pol III pre-initiation complexes, thereby highlighting potential functional adaptations of the Pol I and Pol III enzymes to their respective transcription tasks. Several new insights demonstrate the ...

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of vascular lesions in patients with a cerebellar watershed infarction. Methods: Clinical data from 178 cases of cerebellar infarction were collected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan results, including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomography angiography (CTA). The cases were divided...