In many prokaryotes, asymmetrical mutational or selective pressures have caused compositional skews between complementary strands of replication arms, especially sensitive in the distribution of guanine and cytosine. In Escherichia coli, most of the guanine/cytosine skew is caused by mutation rates differing on leading and lagging strands, but contribution of skewed functionally important guani...

Einstein’s theory predicts that, massive test particles with nonzero spin or angular momentum, in an external gravitation field, follow geodesics which depend upon the orientation of the spin-angular momentum [1]. It has been claimed [2] that such an effect also holds for photons i.e. photons with different helicities follow different geodesics in the gravitational field of a rotating body. If ...

The Hellmann-Feynman theorem assures us that the forces felt by the nuclei in a molecule or complex are purely classically electrostatic. Nevertheless, it is often claimed (incorrectly) that electrostatic considerations are not sufficient to explain non-covalent interactions. Such assertions arise largely from neglecting the polarisation that is inherently part of the electrostatic interaction,...

A one dimensional, computational model for the propagation of ultra low frequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) wave fields from the Earth’s magnetosphere through the ionosphere, atmosphere and into the ground is presented. The model is formulated to include solutions for high latitudes where the Earth’s magnetic field, (B0), is near vertical and for oblique magnetic fields applicable at lower latitudes. Th...

Directional modulation (DM) is a physical layer security technique based on antenna arrays and so far the polarisation information has not been considered in its designs. To increase the channel capacity, we consider exploiting the polarisation information and send two different signals simultaneously at the same direction, same frequency, but with different polarisations. These two signals can...