Zambia is one of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa and there is evidence that suggests that living standards worsened during part of the 1990s. There is evidence, using national poverty lines, that poverty increased between 1991 and 1996 by 20% among the those below a food-only poverty line and by 16% among those below a general poverty line (McCulloch et al, 2001). In 1996 an estimat...

We study absolute income poverty measurement when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. The difficulty arising from price heterogeneity is typically solved using equivalent income, but the choice of the reference price vector remains arbitrary. We provide a way to solve this arbitrariness problem by making the poverty measure consistent with preferences: an agent qualifies as ...

This paper explores the axiomatic foundation of multidimensional poverty indices. Departing from the income approach which measures poverty by aggregating shortfalls of incomes from a predetermined poverty-line income, a multidimensional index is a numerical representation of shortfalls of basic needs from some pre-speci®ed minimum levels. The class of subgroup consistent poverty indices introd...

globalization effects on social security systems and on social expenditures in different countries will be analyzed in this chapter. our consentration is yet on anglo-saxon countries . but it is assumed that many offer countries are under the same pressure of globalization on their social security expenses as the anglo-saxon countries . this will be examined later in another chapter. in previou...

This paper calls attention to processes of entry into and exit from poverty, and to the resulting rates of replacement or turnover in the poverty population. In addition to the fluctuating income components of labor supply, wages, and employment, movement into and out of poverty is associated with normal life-cycle transitions--marriage, divorce, and remarriage; household departures and formati...

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important causes of death in the world. There are variety of plans and strategies to treatment and prevention of CVD. Medicines have significant role to reach the goals. Ensuring Affordability of medicines is very crucial to success in these programs. The impoverishment method which focuses on the impoverishing effect of the purchasing of medicines is o...

In recent years, many lower to middle income countries have looked to insurance as a means to protect their populations from medical impoverishment. In 2003, the Chinese government initiated the New Cooperative Medical System (NCMS), a government-run voluntary insurance program for its rural population. The prevailing model of NCMS combines medical savings accounts with high-deductible catastro...

The focus of community health workers on health disparities in vulnerable communities means that they address issues of poverty, while many recipients of psychiatric rehabilitation services live at or below the poverty line. Their focus on improving health in low-income populations of color is in line with some of our field's biggest challenges at this point in history, including poverty, cultu...