Wireless sensor Network (WSN) now finds a plethora of sectors in which to collect data and monitor both physical environmental functions. The most significant challenge we confront WSN is energy usage life span. delivered nodes through the battery adds complexity. demand for energy-boosting approaches growing. This study aims provide routing protocol that efficient. method aids lowering consump...

This paper is an extension of previously proposed a novel clustering scheme, called D-LEACH, that is based on the calculation of local node density to increase the WSN lifetime by efficiently reducing energy consumption at the sensor node. In this paper, we present both mathematical analysis and performance evaluations of our proposed D-LEACH in view of energy consumption of network. By compute...

A WSN (wireless sensor network) consists of thousands of sensor nodes which have limited energy, memory, and computation capability. In some of extreme environment, it becomes difficult to replace the sensor nodes once they used up the resources. Therefore, many researchers in this field focus on how to design an efficient routing protocol to prolong the life span of the network. The hierarchic...

Prolonging network lifetime has become a real challenge in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) as sensors have limited energy. In this paper, we propose a Cluster-based Energy-efficient Scheme (CES) for electing a cluster-head to evenly distribute energy consumption in the overall network and therefore obtain a longer network lifetime. In CES, each sensor calculates its weight based on k-de...

Energy is limited in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) so that energy consumption is very important. In this paper, we propose a hybrid architecture based on power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). This architecture can achieve an average distribution of energy loads, and reduced energy consumption in transmission. To ...

Leaching characteristics of Cs from immobilized waste matrices in different cement-based grouts have been assessed to investigate the influence of the additives on the leaching behavior of the solid waste matrices. The International Atomic Energy’s Agency (IAEA) standard leach method has been employed to study the leach pattern of Cs radionuclide from the immobilized waste form. The examination...

Maintenance Access Hatches are used to ensure urban safety and aesthetics while facilitating the management of power lines, telecommunication lines, and gas pipes. Such facilities necessitate affordable and effective surveillance. In this paper, we propose a FiCHS (Fixed Cluster head centralized Hierarchical Static clustering) routing protocol that is suitable for underground maintenance hatche...

The challenges in deploying robust Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in agricultural environments are limited power supply and variability of wireless propagation channel that restrict performance. Proposed protocols do not meet the challenges for realistic simulation and evaluation of WSN for agricultural applications. The design of LEACH protocol is, for the most part, efficient for many applic...