Professor Željko Reiner, FRCP (London), FESC, FACC gained his MD degree in 1976 from Zagreb University, Croatia. He also holds a PhD degree from Zagreb University. Currently, he is the head of the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb and the School of Medicine, Zagreb University. He has held many positions in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European At...

In 2013, the American College of Cardiology and the AmericanHeart Association (ACC/AHA) published new guidelines for assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk1 and for treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce CVD.2 These new guidelines replaced the Adult TreatmentPanel III (ATPIII)guidelines for thedetection,evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol3 that guidedclinical practice for...

Description Calcium is the dominant mineral present in bone and a shortfall nutrient in the American diet. Supplements have been recommended for persons who do not consume adequate calcium from their diet as a standard strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis and related fractures. Whether calcium with or without vitamin D supplementation is beneficial or detrimental to vascular health is no...

islamic golden age, 9-12 century ad, was the period through which persian scientists and physicians were most influential in improving medical sciences including cardiovascular knowledge. although post-islamic golden age witnessed a number of great persian scholars moving cardiovascular concepts forward, they failed to become as well known as their predecessors. one of these scholars was hakim ...

In addition to the impact of long-term stressors such as sedentary lifestyle and long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution, many studies have shown that there is an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events immediately after behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental triggers.1–8 After the landmark study documenting the increased rates of myocardial infarction (MI) related to the ...

Statins have emerged at the forefront of preventive cardiology and have significantly reduced cardiovascular events and mortality. Nonetheless, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and in other developed countries, as well as the etiology of significant morbidity and health-care expenditure. In an attempt to reduce potentially missed opportunities for i...

Although mortality rates from cardiovascular disease (CVD) declined by 26% from 1995 to 2005,1 it remains the leading cause of death for US adults. The American Heart Association (AHA) set a 2020 impact goal to “improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20% while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%.”2 To this end, the AHA recommended prevention as a first-line strategy and id...

Accurate estimation of a patient’s risk for postoperative cardiac events (eg, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, ventricular tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and death) after noncardiac surgery can guide allocation of clinical resources, use of preventive therapies, and priorities for future research. This review addresses selected issues in clinical risk assessment, approaches to using diagn...