Introduction: The discharge of produced water into the aquatic environment presents a risk to environment. This is form pollution and may release toxicants that are highly noxious sensitive marine species even at low concentrations, which causes bio-degeneration/transformation biodiversity loss.
 Research Gap: There insufficient literatures on extensive monitoring physicochemical microbial...

Oil and gas production wells generate large volumes of water mixed with hydrocarbons (dispersed dissolved), salts (ions), solids. This ‘produced water’ (PW) is a waste stream that must be disposed appropriately. The presence toxic ions in PW makes it unsuitable for surface discharge or disposal groundwater resources. Thus, often injected into deep geological formations as method. However, the s...