Persons with Down syndrome (DS) have reduced peak and submaximal exercise capacity. Because ambulation is one predictor of survival among adults with DS, a review of the current knowledge of the causes, effects, and management of reduced exercise capacity in these individuals would be important. Available data suggest that reduced exercise capacity in persons with DS results from an interaction...

Though more costly than petroleum-based fuels and a minor component of overall military fuel sources, biofuels are nonetheless strategically valuable to the military because of intentional reliance on multiple, reliable, secure fuel sources. Significant reduction in oilseed biofuel cost occurs when grown on marginally productive saline-sodic soils plentiful in California's San Joaquin Valley (S...

The ribosome-inhibiting toxin ricin binds exposed β1→4 linked galactosyls on multiple glycolipids and glycoproteins on the cell surface of most eukaryotic cells. After endocytosis, internal cell trafficking is promiscuous, with only a small proportion of ricin proceeding down a productive (cytotoxic) trafficking route to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the catalytic ricin A chain traverse...

As the NHS in England grapples with the longest funding squeeze in its history, the quest for greater productivity becomes ever more pressing. Two new analyses published this week show that the productivity of consultants in NHS hospitals has fallen over the past six years. The authors reject any notion that this means doctors need to work harder but argue that we need to rethink how we seek an...

Paul Winters and Susana Sitja Rubio The purpose of this guideline is to discuss the objectives and approaches of regional (subnational) development programs in order to provide guidance on issues related to evaluating the impact of these programs. Regional development programs are designed to improve the income-generating capacity of, and reduce poverty in, a focus region within a country. The ...

Herpesviruses are helper viruses for productive adeno-associated virus (AAV) replication. To analyze the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) functions mediating helper activity, we coinfected HeLa cells with AAV type 2 (AAV-2) and different HSV-1 mutants defective in individual HSV replication genes. AAV replication was fully accomplished in the absence of HSV DNA replication and thus did not r...

The regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and replication in primary monocytes was investigated by mutagenesis of recombinant proviral clones containing an env determinant required for the infectivity of monocytes. Virus replication was assayed by determination of reverse transcriptase activity in culture fluids and by recovery of virus from monocytes following cocultivati...

In his article "On the Ambiguity of Ambidextrousness, or, What is an Innovative Action?" Brett Neilson explores the significance of the fact that the technical equality of the hands is realized above all in the act of manual labor, revisiting an influential essay by Robert Hertz, a student of Emile Durkheim and associate of Marcel Mauss, published in 1909 and entitled "The Pre-Eminence of the R...