GM-CSF gene activation in T cells is known to involve the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B, AP-1, NFAT, and Sp1. Here we demonstrate that the human GM-CSF promoter and enhancer also encompass binding sites for core-binding factor (CBF). Significantly, the CBF sites are in each case contained within the minimum essential core regions required for inducible activation of transcription...

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promotes tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. We show that an important antiapoptotic activity of LMP-1 is the inhibition of Bcl2-associated protein X (Bax), a potent proapoptotic protein. BAX expression was regulated by LMP-1 activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) via the C-terminal activation region 1 (CTAR-1) and CTAR-2...

In hypertonic environment, taurine accumulates in cells via activation of TauT (taurine transporter) as an adaptive regulation. Recent studies revealed that TonE (tonicity-responsive element)/TonEBP (TonE-binding protein) pathway regulated the expression of various molecules which protect cells against hypertonic stress. In the present study, we investigated the osmoregulatory mechanisms of Tau...

UNLABELLED By measuring individual mRNA production at the single-cell level, we investigated the lac promoter's transcriptional transition during cell growth phases. In exponential phase, variation in transition rates generates two mixed phenotypes, low and high numbers of mRNAs, by modulating their burst frequency and sizes. Independent activation of the regulatory-gene sequence does not produ...

BACKGROUND The effect of multiple integrated stimuli on vascular wall expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) on wall tension-induced promoter activation of MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP). METHODS AND RESULTS Thoracic aortic rings harvested from transgenic ...

Transcriptional activation of the Bacillus subtilis ackA gene, encoding acetate kinase, was previously shown to require catabolite control protein A (CcpA) and sequences upstream of the ackA promoter. CcpA, which is responsible for catabolite repression of a number of secondary carbon source utilization genes in B. subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria, recognizes a cis-acting consensus seq...

TBP-like protein (TLP) is involved in transcriptional activation of an upstream promoter of the human p21 gene. TLP binds to p53 and facilitates p53-activated transcription from the upstream promoter. In this study, we clarified that in vitro affinity between TLP and p53 is about one-third of that between TBP and p53. Extensive mutation analyses revealed that the TLP-stimulated function resides...

The cytomegalovirus (CMV) major immediate-early promoter/enhancer is active in many cell culture systems and is considered to be one of the strongest promoters in vitro. However, when this promoter was used in in vivo approaches to gene therapy, it was silenced within a few weeks in several organs including the liver. In this study, we demonstrated transcriptional inactivation of the CMV promot...

We cloned a consensus DNA site for the Escherichia coli FNR protein at different locations upstream of the E. coli melR promoter. FNR can activate transcription initiation at the melR promoter when the FNR binding site is centered around 41, 61, 71, 82, and 92 bp upstream from the transcription start. The SF73 positive control amino acid substitution in FNR interfered with transcription activat...

The rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase I gene is expressed in two cell types: hepatocytes and epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. The proximal promoter contains a single activating element, GAG, two repressor elements (sites I and III) and an anti-repressor element (site II). Although these elements together exhibit the potential for complex regulation, they are unable to confer tissue-sp...