Propensity score matching and inverse-probability weighting are popular methods for causal inference in observational studies. Under the assumption of unconfoundedness, these methods enable researchers to estimate causal effects by balancing observed covariates across different treatment values. While their extensions to general treatment regimes exist, a vast majority of applications have been...

In this paper, we seek to evaluate the relative costs of debt for private versus comparable publicly traded rms. US studies of this important question have been limited due to the absence of comprehensive nancial data on privately-held rms. However, such data is available in the UK. Consequently, we employ a unique dataset of loans taken out by both types of UK rms with a large array of loan an...

The propensity score methods are widely used to adjust confounding effects in observational studies when comparing treatment effects. The propensity score is defined as the probability of treatment assignment conditioning on some observed baseline characteristics and it provides a balanced score for the treatment conditions as conditioning on the propensity score, the treatment groups are compa...

As labor market data is scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this paper uses household survey data to analyze the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market and its welfare implications for five SSA countries in multinomial logit models with propensity score matching method. The analysis confirms that education opens up opportunities for women to escape agricultural feminization and enga...

Propensity scores are increasingly being used in large sample studies to control for pregroup differences. Because these scores are often used to match cases, they can result in sample attrition. In smaller sample studies, such attrition leaves too few cases for meaningful analysis. Alternatives when working with small samples are to use propensity scores as covariates to control for pre-group ...

1. Introduction Logistic propensity models for nonresponse adjustments have been used for various studies (Little 1986). The logistic models used to compute the scores reflect the propensity to respond based on attributes of both respondents and nonrespondents. Propensity scores can be used to compute explicit adjustments factors or to form weighting cells. Recent work has shown the benefits of...

p eople’s business credit program (kur) has been launched to alleviate poverty through provision of micro financing to micro entrepreneurs in indonesia this study aims to estimate the impact of kur program using cross-sectional data and propensity score matching technique (psm). the survey was conducted on 332 household entrepreneurs, consisting of 155 kur receivers and 177 non-kur receivers. r...

A central theme of research on human development and psychopathology is whether a therapeutic intervention or a turning-point event, such as a family break-up, alters the trajectory of the behavior under study. This article describes and applies a method for using observational longitudinal data to make more transparent causal inferences about the impact of such events on developmental trajecto...

We aimed to evaluate the association between statin use and cognitive function. Cognitive function was measured with the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT; worst score, 0; best score, 175 points) and the Visual Association Test (VAT; low performance, 0-10; high performance, 11-12 points) in an observational study that included 4,095 community-dwelling participants aged 35-82 years. Data on statin...