Previous studies have demonstrated that the renal medulla is more susceptible to bacterial infection than the cortex.' Although more than 100,000 organisms are usually required to produce infection when injected directly into the normal renal cortex, fewer than 10 are necessary in the medulla. Many factors contribute to the remarkable ease with which infection is initiated in the renal medulla....

The possibility of using ATP content per protoplast as an indicator of freshness was studied in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The ATP content per protoplast of spinach was determined and compared during 3 days of storage at 25 °C. ATP content increased rapidly at the early stages of storage, reaching a peak level after 24 h. After one day (24 h) of storage, the ATP content decreased with the sto...

This study develops polydimethylsiloxane microfluidics to enable real-time collection and lysis of Phalaenopsis protoplasts and to analyze and compare the protoplast collecting efficiency of a concave sieving array with that of a convex–concave sieving array. Each set of microfluidics comprises a main flow channel and a protoplast sieving array with collecting channels. The protoplasts were iso...

Modern seaweed farming relies heavily on seedlings from natural beds or vegetative cuttings previous harvests. However, this method has some disadvantages, such as physiological variation in the seed stock and decreased genetic variability, which reduces growth rate, carrageenan yield, gel strength of seaweeds. A new seedling production that is sustainable, scalable, produces a large number hig...

BACKGROUND Differentiated plant cells can retain the capacity to be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells during regeneration. This capacity is associated with both cell cycle reactivation and acquisition of specific cellular characters. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of protoplasts into stem cells remain largely unknown. Protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella...