Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) and Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) are rare viral diseases, endemic to central Africa. The overall burden of EHF and MHF is small in comparison to the more common protozoan, helminth, and bacterial diseases typically referred to as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). However, EHF and MHF outbreaks typically occur in resource-limited settings, and many aspects of t...

background: domestic wastewater is a most important source of infectious factors in the environment. the aim of this study was to determine the raw wastewater parasitic contamination of cites of kermanshah province. methods: this study was a descriptive cross–sectional one which was carried out in 5 months, sampling was accomplished once a five days from inlet raw wastewater to treatment plants...

BACKGROUND Various characteristics of goats mean they are highly suitable livestock for backyard rearing by people with limited resources. They are a popular livestock choice in India, where they are often kept to supplement an already scarce income. In these settings, hygiene and sanitation standards tend to be low, and weakens the interface between humans and animals, thus reducing the barrie...

Protozoan pathogens are a highly diverse group of unicellular organisms, several of which are significant human pathogens. One group of protozoan pathogens includes obligate intracellular parasites such as agents of malaria, leishmaniasis, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis. The other group includes extracellular pathogens such as agents of giardiasis and amebiasis. An unfortunate unifying theme for...

ABSTRACT Karnal bunt of wheat is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica, which partially converts kernels into sori filled with teliospores. Despite minor overall yield and quality losses, the disease is of considerable international quarantine concern. Plant development stages reported susceptible to infection vary considerably. A study was designed to better define the susceptibility period by ...

Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that cause mainly enteric illnesses in humans and other animals. The mode of transmission is most commonly waterborne, but other sources of infection, including foodborne and person-to-person spread, have been documented. The environmental form of the parasite is resistant to most water purification methods, including chlorination. Cryptosporidium...