Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large number of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Parthenocarpy and male sterility has earlier been reported by silencing chalcone synthase (CHS) encoding gene. Silencing of CHS has blocked the synthesis of most of useful flavonoids including flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Also, these studies c...

Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) are known, and to date most studies have implicated COX-2, rather than COX-1, as the isoform involved in colon carcinogenesis. In the present study, we show that homologous disruption of either Ptgs-1 or Ptgs-2 (genes coding for COX-1 or COX-2, respectively) reduced polyp formation in Min/+ mice by approximately 80%. Only COX-1 protein was immunohistochemica...

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes must pair in order to permit recombination and correct chromosome segregation to occur. Two recent papers show that meiotic pairing is also important for correct gene expression during meiosis. They describe data for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa that show that a lack of pairing generated by ectopic integration of genes can result in silencing o...

The discovery of the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by small non-protein-coding RNAs is considered as a major breakthrough in biology. In the last decade we just started to realize the biologic function and complexity of gene regulation by small non-coding RNAs. PTGS is a conserved phenomenon which was observed in various species such as fungi, worms, plants, and mammals. Micro RNAs...

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an economically important crop is host to many whitefly transmitted geminiviruses including tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV). Genetically engineering resistance of pathogen through Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS/RNAi) a powerful strategy that can provide alternative existing methods producing resistant plants. We cloned and characterized ToLCV-replicas...

The aphid-borne potyvirus, Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), is the major limiting factor for papaya production worldwide. Transgenic resistance conferred by the PRSV-coat protein (CP) gene and based on the mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has become the most effective method to protecting papaya from infection by the noxious virus. The PRSV-CP transgenic lines of cultivars ...

Abstract Paper, as a foldable, pollution-free, and low-cost material, has become suitable support substrate for producing flexible thermoelectric (TE) generators to realize waste heat recycling the application of human-powered electronic devices. We propose facile fabrication method modify cellulose paper with inorganic TE powders via vacuum filtration, making modified that possesses good prope...

Plant viruses are one of the major yield reducing factors for agricultural and horticultural crops. In India, most destructive diseases are caused by gemini-, poty-, and tospoviruses. Virus resistant transgenic plants (VRTPs), developed by the transfer of transgenes from virus, plant or other origins, have been found resistant to a wide range of viruses. The most successful approach is the vira...

Endogenous eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) produce double-stranded RNA intermediates in diverse processes of small RNA synthesis in RNA silencing pathways. RDR6 is required in plants for posttranscriptional gene silencing induced by sense transgenes (S-PTGS) and has an important role in amplification of antiviral silencing. Whereas RDR1 is also involved in antiviral defense in p...

Unique among the known plant and animal viral suppressors of RNA silencing, the 2b protein interacts directly with both small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) and AGO4 proteins and is targeted to the nucleolus. However, it is largely unknown which regions of the 111-residue 2b protein determine these biochemical properties and how they contribute to its diverse silencing suppressor...