Pupae of holometabolous insects are not motionless and insensitive developmental stages. Their behavioural display is restricted to rotations or contractions of the abdomen in a range of movements from the clearly visible to the microscopic of the order of tenths of microns. Pupae react spontaneously and surprisingly sensitively to mechanical, light or sound stimuli. In the present study, react...

Many true parasites and parasitoids modify the behaviour of their host, and these changes are thought to be to the benefit of the parasites. However, field tests of this hypothesis are scarce, and it is often unclear whether the host or the parasite profits from the behavioural changes, or even if parasitism is a cause or consequence of the behaviour. We show that braconid parasitoids (Glyptapa...

Abstract Radio frequency plasma (RFP) could provide reliable, compact, cost-effective irradiation applications against insect pests of stored food and feed products. Sensitivity red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum to RFP has been investigated using an applicator system with the two types inert gases, argon (Ar) helium (He), at 100 W for five exposure time levels 0, 20, 40, 60 90 s, respectivel...

The pumpkin seed membrane (PSM), which is high in water retention the study, was recycled as waste, intended to be used terms of target-non-target creatures and determine its effect on resistance formation. Nowadays, when fat intake steadily increasing through nutrition, increased use makes an individual vulnerable stress. study determined additional taken waste/nutrients oxidative stress obese...

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-mediated defense in conventional cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (H€ ubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was investigated with respect to the activities of the detoxification enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S-transferases (GST) in pupae as well as the performance of larvae...

The ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, is the most destructive parasite of managed honeybee colonies worldwide. Since V. destructor transfers pathogens to honeybees, it may be adaptive for bees to respond to mite infestation by upregulating their immune responses. Mites, however, may overcome the host's immune responses by suppressing them, which could facilitate the mite's ability to feed ...

The susceptibility of the egg, pupa, and adult of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) to isolates of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Groups of 20 eggs than 4 h old, pupae less than 48h old and adults were sprayed with a conidial suspension...

PURPOSE Many researchers are trying to solve the metabolic syndrome by utilizing a variety of nutritional control and exercise. Of those, silkworm pupae peptides are known to inhibit the synthesis of fat. Therefore, we examine the effect of fat metabolism by supplying silkworm pupae (SP) for 5-week in swim-trained rats. METHODS Animals were divided into four groups as a group (n = 32) fed a n...

The ryanodine receptor (RyR), the largest calcium channel protein, has been studied because of its key roles in calcium signaling in cells. Insect RyRs are molecular targets for novel diamide insecticides. The target has been focused widely because of the diamides with high activity against lepidopterous pests and safety for nontarget organisms. To study our understanding of effects of diamides...

Abiotic and biotic factors determine success or failure of individual organisms, populations and species. The early life stages are often the most vulnerable to heavy mortality due to environmental conditions. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi Linnaeus, 1758) is an invasive insect ectoparasite of cervids that spends an important period of the life cycle outside host as immobile pupa. During winter,...