This paper reports on an investigation of how the phonological rule of the complementary relationship between vowel and consonant duration is manifested in Swedish infant-directed speech (IDS), as compared to adult-directed speech (ADS). Cross-linguistic investigations indicate that vowels tend to be prolonged in speech directed to infants. In contrast, there are signs that consonants may be sh...

a central premise of monetary policy in the U.S. throughout the first decade of the 21st century has been a firm commitment to avoid deflation, that is, a persistent fall in the price level. indeed, it is the consensus view of policymakers and most economists.1 central premise of monetary policy in the U.S. throughout the first decade of the 21st century has been a firm commitment to avoid defl...

This paper studies quantity surcharge and heterogeneity in consumer attention, using scanner data in the peanut butter category. Quantity surcharge exists for packaged goods when a smaller package size is cheaper than its larger size counterpart per unit. Quantity surcharges are frequent in the data, and households have heterogeneous purchasing behavior during quantity surcharge weeks: attentiv...

Market clearing is the process of matching buy and sell bids in securities markets. The allocative efficiency of such algorithms is important, as the Auctioneer is typically paid a commission on the number of bids matched and the volume of quantity traded. Previous algorithms have concentrated on price issues. This paper presents several market clearing algorithms that focus solely on allocatin...

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The current ways to determine construction material quantities: calculating manually or using evaluation computer software, are time consuming and lack of accuracy. This study proposes an automatic calculation system to compute construction material quantities using a three dimensional architecture model based on CAD image files. The proposed system reduces the errors produced by manual input, ...

BACKGROUND Microcosting studies collect detailed data on resources used and the value of those resources. Such studies are useful for estimating the cost of new technologies or new community-based interventions, for producing estimates in studies that include nonmarket goods, and for studying within-procedure cost variation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this article were to (1) describe basic...

Masakazu IWAMURA†, Seiichi UCHIDA††, Shinichiro OMACHI†††, and Koichi KISE† † Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University 1–1 Gakuencho, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599–8531 Japan †† Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, 812-8581 Japan ††† Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University 6–6–05 Aoba, Aramaki...