1. Cultured calvaria cells oxidized palmitate and octanoate to CO2 and water-soluble products. 2. When these cells were treated for 6 days with 0.025 and 0.25 mM-dichloromethanediphosphonate, oxidation of palmitate was increased, whereas that of octanoate was influenced less. 3. When the rate of oxidation was raised by increasing the palmitate concentration in the medium, the effect of the diph...

abstract background and objective: highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can effectively prevent the progression of hiv-1 replication and increase life expectancy. there are numerous causes of treatment failure and the leading one is drug resistance. thus, we aimed to determine the hiv rt gene drug resistance mutations in patients treated with antiretroviral medications. material and met...

In the current studies, we used Lineweaver-Burke analysis to examine the role of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) in the oxidation of various compounds by laccase from Trametes versicolor. At low concentrations, HBT was a competitive inhibitor of the oxidation, but at high concentrations, it was a noncompetitive inhibitor. Analysis of the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by the laccase-HBT couple sho...

Covalent inhibition is a reemerging paradigm in kinase drug design, but the roles of inhibitor binding affinity and chemical reactivity in overall potency are not well-understood. To characterize the underlying molecular processes at a microscopic level and determine the appropriate kinetic constants, specialized experimental design and advanced numerical integration of differential equations a...

Plastoquinol dibenzyl-32P-phosphate was prepared by reduction of plastoquinone with dibenzyl-32P-phosphonate. Catalytic hydrogenation of the product resulted in the reduction of the polyisoprenoid side chain as well as debenzylation. Substantial reduction was also observed with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for a number of naturally occurring quinones with conditions recommended for qui...

The mechanism for how metformin activates AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) was investigated in isolated skeletal muscle L6 cells. A widely held notion is that inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is central to the mechanism. We also considered other proposals for metformin action. As metabolic pathway markers, we focused on glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. We also confirmed m...

According to a recently reported metabolic pathway, phenolic A-ring estrogens are metabolized in rat liver microsomes partially to the corresponding quinols by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. We found that these quinols could, in turn, undergo reduction to regenerate the parent estrogens consumed during the metabolic process. Among the tested endogenous reducing agents, NADH and especially NADPH pr...

The fate of benzene in the body has been the subject of numerous investigations since 1867 when Schultzen & Naunyn (1867) discovered that benzene was converted to phenol in the animal body. Phenol, catechol, quinol and their conjugates (Munk, 1876; Schmiedeberg, 1881; Nencki & Giacosa, 1880; Baernstein, 1945), muconic acid (Jaffe, 1909; Thierfelder & Klenk, 1924; Drummond & Finar, 1938; Bernhar...