In recent years, the research on reinforcement learning (RL) has focused on function approximation in learning prediction and control of Markov decision processes (MDPs). The usage of function approximation techniques in RL will be essential to deal with MDPs with large or continuous state and action spaces. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is given on recent developments in RL algorithms ...

Motivational and hedonic impairments are core features of a variety of types of psychopathology. An important aspect of motivational function is reinforcement learning (RL), including implicit (i.e., outside of conscious awareness) and explicit (i.e., including explicit representations about potential reward associations) learning, as well as both positive reinforcement (learning about actions ...

Reinforcement learning (RL) problems constitute an important class of learning and control problems faced by artificial intelligence systems. In these problems, one is faced with the task of providing control signals that maximize some measure of performance, usually taken over time, given feedback that is not in terms of the control signals themselves. This feedback is often called "reward" or...

BACKGROUND Effects of pacing-induced and coronary occlusion myocardial ischemia on left ventricular (LV) function have been compared only in anesthetized dogs. Diastolic properties of the same LV anterior wall segment were therefore compared in 12 patients with single-vessel proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis at rest, immediately after 7 +/- 1.2 minutes of pacing, and at...

Reinforcement learning (RL) problems come in many flavours, as do the algorithms for solving them. It is currently not clear which of the commonly used RL benchmarks best measure an algorithm’s capacity for solving real-world problems. Similarly, it is not clear which types of RL algorithms are best suited to solve which kinds of RL problems. Here we present some dimensions along the axes o whi...

Strong thermal stress caused by high temperature and difference of expansion coefficient (CTE) will negatively influence the lifespan thermoelectric module. In this work, a new high-temperature CaMnO3-based U-type unileg module, combining structure with pn-junction, is proposed investigated. The novel design avoids device failure due to different CTEs gradients. As result, maximal (σmax,TEM) 3....

Reported values of lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) in spontaneously breathing preterm neonates vary widely. We hypothesized that this variability in lung properties can be largely explained by both inter- and intrasubject variability in breathing pattern and demographics. Thirty-three neonates receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure [weight 606-1,792 g, gestational age (GA) ...

In 1954 we (Price and Kneeland) described a mucoid form of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) which showed capsular swelling with homologous immune serum. This mucoid variant, designated RL-mucoid, was derived from the parent RL strain after passage through embryonated eggs with influenza virus. Attempts to reproduce this variation by passing RL through embryonated eggs on...