Snow is an important natural reservoir that holds water on the landscape for release later in the season in western North America and other portions of the world. As air temperature increases with global climate change, the character of the generally established seasonal snowcover will be affected. To study the specific response to variable climate, a carefully collected and processed meteorolo...

Abstract. This study evaluates the performance of four bulk-type microphysics schemes, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) double-moment 6-class (WDM6), WRF 7-class (WDM7), Thompson, Morrison, focusing on hydrometeors budgets in model version 4.1.3. Eight snowstorm cases, which can be sub-categorized as cold-low, warm-low, air–sea interaction cases are selected, depending synoptic environmen...

Abstract In agricultural catchments, hydrological processes are highly linked to particle and nutrient loss can lead a degradation of the ecological status water. Global warming land use changes influence regime. This effect is especially strong in cold regions. this study, we used long-term monitoring data (22–26 years) from small catchments Norway. We applied Mann–Kendall trend wavelet cohere...

cold tolerance is an adaptative mechanism that plants in temperate climates require to survive and grow in suboptimal temperatures.  exposed plant to low temperature produces a myriad of measurable changes in biochemical characters that are often highly correlated with plant cold tolerance.  a key element of cereal adaptation to cold is represented by the capacity for physiological adjustments ...

Microphysics parameterization plays an important role in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). Most NWP models, including the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model, use single-moment (bulk water) schemes derived based on an assumption of the exponential distribution with a fixed intercept parameter for raindrop size distributions (DSDs) such as the Marshall-Palmer (M-P) DSD model (Marshall and Pa...

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