Purpose A recent genome-wide association study by the International Age-related Macular Degeneration Genomics Consortium (IAMDGC) identified seven rare variants that are individually associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly. In literature, several of these rare variants have been reported with different frequencies and odds rati...

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), although common in the adult and geriatric populations, is a relatively rare condition pediatric patients. Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization novel adjuvant endovascular procedure used to minimize risk of recurrence CSDH, its use populations exceptionally rare. Methods: This case-report review available literature. Results: A 14 year old mal...

Transferring plants between populations of rare species has often been proposed to increase population size and replenish genetic variation. While this approach has many advantages, it may also disrupt local adaptation. However, the scale over which plants adapt to local conditions is hard to predict. To detect local adaptation, we conducted reciprocal transplant experiments in the field with s...

Astroblastomas are rare, potentially curable primary brain tumors which can be difficult to diagnose. We present the case of astroblastoma in a 73-year-old male, an atypical age for this tumor, more classically found in pediatric and young adult populations. Through our case and review of the literature, we note that this tumor is frequently reported in adult populations and the presentation of...

dear editor analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah mckusick 261600) gene in different populations has revealed more than 320 different mutations associated with phenylketonuria (pku). one of these mutations, ivs10nt546, results in severe pah deficiency due to defective mrna splicing. it accounts for about 40 percent of all mutant alleles in turkish and between 10 to 20 percent of all mu...

an accurate diagnosis of the morphology of the root canal system is a pre-requisite for successful root canal treatment. frequently, root canals are left untreated because the clinicians fail to identify their presence, particularly in teeth that have anatomical variations or additional root canals. in this report a maxillary lateral incisor with two roots has been described.

results seven concepts emerged after exploratory factor analysis of the 48 items. the content validity ratio (cvr) of the questionnaire constructs were 0.55 to 0.76, and content validity index (cvi) structure was 0.86 to 0.95. cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.78, and correlation coefficient of the test-retest reliability for the constructs was from 0.73 to 0.89. c...

Background: Cytokines are cell signaling molecules which upon release by cells facilitate the recruitment of immune-modulatory cells towards the sites of inflammation. Genetic variations in cytokine genes are shown to regulate their production and affect the risk of infectious as well as autoimmune diseases. Intron-3 of interleukin-4 gene (IL-4) harbors 70-bp variable number of tandem repeats (...

Rare male mating advantage (a form of negative frequency dependence) is frequently proposed as a mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation within populations. This hypothesis is attractive for systems with pronounced male colour polymorphism because it can maintain particularly high levels of variation. We tested for negative frequency-dependent mating success between yellow and red ma...