Experimental and theoretical studies of laser-induced breakdown in dielectrics provide conflicting conclusions about the possibility to trigger ionization avalanche on sub-picosecond time scale relative importance carrier-impact over field ionization. On one hand, current models based single ionization-rate equations do not account for gradual heating charge carriers which, short laser pulses, ...

The proportion of mutants in a growing culture of organisms will depend upon (a) the rate at which the wild cells produce them (with or without growth), (b) the back mutation rate, and (c) the growth rates of the wild and mutant cells. If the mutation rate without growth and the back mutation rate are neglected, the growth of a mutant is expressed by See PDF for Equation and the ratio of the mu...