I examine the treatment of metaphor by medieval logicians and how it stemmed from their reception of classical texts in logic, grammar, and rhetoric. I consider the relation of the word ‘metaphor’ to the notions of translatio and transumptio, and show that it is not always synonymous with these. I also show that in the context of commentaries on the Sophistical Refutations metaphor was subsumed...

This paper discusses quantitative evaluation of information in remote sensing and GIS data. The formula for calculating information contents of remote sensing imagery are developed, taking into account of signal-noise-ratio (SNR), inter-pixel and cross-band correlations, while information amounts in GIS data are calculated by referring to geometric position, attributes, and the equivocation in ...

The use of ambiguous expressions in argumentative dialogues can lead to misunderstanding and equivocation. However, even a normative model for reasonable and critical discussion ought not to ban such active ambiguities altogether, one reason being that it cannot always be determined beforehand what expressions will turn out to be actively ambiguous. Instead, it will be proposed that the rules f...

We performed two experiments with statistical techniques for classifying documents by date and author, using large bodies of publicly-available texts. In one experiment, we produced a Markov chain of every United States Supreme Court opinion ever written, and evaluated its ability to classify American judicial opinions by decade of authorship. In the other, we examined the performance of two se...

During recent years there has been increasing interest in the study of fat absorption, particularly in the investigation of conditions associated with steatorrhoea. The need for a single diagnostic test for steatorrhoea, suitable for use with both outpatients and in-patients, has become apparent. Ideally, such a test should be easy to carry out for the patient and nursing staff as well as for t...

The use of ambiguous expressions in argumentative dialogues can lead to misunderstanding and equivocation. Such ambiguities are here called active ambiguities. However, even a normative model of persuasion dialogue ought not to ban active ambiguities altogether, one reason being that it is not always possible to determine beforehand which expressions will prove to be actively ambiguous. Thus, i...

We present CONIKS, an end-user key verification service capable of integration in end-to-end encrypted communication systems. CONIKS builds on related designs for transparency of web server certificates but solves several new challenges specific to key verification for end users. In comparison to prior designs, CONIKS enables more efficient monitoring and auditing of keys, allowing small organi...

Performance in sensory discrimination tasks is commonly quantified using either information theory or ideal observer analysis. These two quantitative frameworks are often assumed to be equivalent. For example, higher mutual information is said to correspond to improved performance of an ideal observer in a stimulus estimation task. To the contrary, drawing on and extending previous results, we ...

Abstract Visual perception is widely taken to present properties such as redness, roundness, and so on. This in turn might be thought give rise accuracy conditions for experience, content, regardless of which metaphysical view one endorses. An influential version this argument —Susanna Siegel’s ‘Argument from Appearing’ — aims establish the existence content common ground between representation...