Glutathione is present in millimolar concentrations in the cell, but its relative distribution among cellular compartments remains elusive. We have chosen the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an example organelle to study compartment-specific glutathione levels. Using a glutaredoxin sensor (sCGrx1pER), which rapidly and specifically equilibrates with the reduced glutathione (GSH)–glutathione disul...

Introduction Glutathione (GSH; c-glutamylcysteinyl glycine) is an For many years, considerable interest has been drawn to abundant and ubiquitous thiol with proposed roles in the functions of glutathione (GSH; c-glutamylcysteinyl the storage and transport of reduced sulphur, the synglycine) due to its unique structural properties, abundthesis of proteins and nucleic acids and as a modulator anc...

Ifosfamide, a clinically potent chemotherapeutic agent, causes the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in various cell types. GSH is the major intracellular reductant against oxidative stress. 4-Hydroxyifosfamide (4-OH-IF), the activated form of ifosfamide, depletes GSH levels in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells; this is accompanied by a decrease in T-cell and NK-cell funct...

Glutathione, Upsilon-Glu-Cys-Gly, is one of the most abundant small molecules in biosphere. Its main form is the reduced monomer (GSH), serving to detoxicate xenobiotics and heavy metals, reduce protein thiols, maintain cellular membranes and deactivate free radicals. Its oxidized dimer (GSSG) controls metal content of metallothionein. The results presented provided a quantitative and structura...

CFTR mutation, which causes cystic fibrosis (CF), has also recently been identified as causing glutathione system dysfunction and systemic deficiency of reduced glutathione (GSH). Such dysfunction and deficiency regarding GSH may contribute to the pathophysiology of CF. We followed 13 patients (age range 1-27 years) with cystic fibrosis who were using a regimen of reduced glutathione (GSH), inc...

Endothelial dysfunction due to vascular inflammation and oxidative stress critically contributes to the etiology of atherosclerosis. The intracellular redox environment plays a key role in regulating endothelial cell function and is intimately linked to cellular thiol status, including and foremost glutathione (GSH). In the present study we investigated whether and how the dietary flavonoid, qu...

The status of glutathione in the liver of male rats as a function of their age and acute stress was investigated. Total glutathione (TG), which is measured after the reduction of liver homogenate with NaBH4 , reduced glutathione (GSH) and disulfide glutathione (GSSG) increase with advancing age of the test animals (weights from 15 g to 350 g). The mixed glutathione disulfides [XSSG = TG— (GSH +...

This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the disrupted homeostasis of reduced glutathione (GSH) in aging muscles with stress (14 days of hind-limb unloading [HU]). Adult and old rats were randomized into four groups: weight bearing and 3, 7, and 14 days of HU. Soleus muscles were harvested to investigate the activity or content of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism (utilization an...

To investigate the physiological responses of plants to high root-zone temperature (HT, 35 °C) stress mitigated by exogenous glutathione (GSH), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were exposed to HT with or without GSH treatment for 4 days and following with 4 days of recovery. Plant physiological variables, growth, and gene expression related to antioxidant enzymes and Calvin cycle were qu...

Oral administration of brahma rasayana (BR; 50 mg/animal for 10 and 30 days) significantly increased the liver antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT) and tissue and serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). Whole body irradiation suppressed the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. Reduced activity of SOD, CAT and GSH was significantly elevated by treatment with BR after r...