export is an important factor in economic development and the creation of regional agreements is one of the ways to facilitate trade and exports; but measuring the success rate of these agreements is one of the challenges of this field. in this study, we compared the factors affecting agricultural exports and imports in the eco and european :union: countries. the purpose of this study was to as...

There have been very substantial reductions in the trade policy and other barriers inhibiting developing country participation in world trade. Associated with this has been a dramatic shift in the pattern of developing country trade, with a shift away from dependence on commodity exports to much greater reliance on manufactures and services, and greatly increased importance of exports to other ...

Asian economic regionalism has emerged from a bottom-up process, driven by market forces in the absence of a grand plan for regional integration. While the financial crisis of 1997–98 triggered new regional cooperation initiatives, more recently several Asian political leaders have formulated proposals for the creation of a regional economic community, suggesting the possible start of a top-dow...

We construct a three-country model to determine how the formation of free trade areas (FTAs) affects optimal tariffs and welfare. We find that, at constant rest of the world (ROW) tariffs, the adoption of internal free trade induces union members to reduce their external tariffs below the Kemp–Wan [J. Int. Econom. 6 (1976) 95–97] level, and causes ROW’s terms of trade to improve and its welfare...

We develop a monopolistically competitive model of trade with firm heterogeneity in terms of productivity differences and endogenous differences in the 'toughness' of competition across markets in terms of the number and average productivity of competing firms. We analyze how these features vary across markets of different size that are not perfectly integrated through trade; we then study the ...

after the cold war, the concept of international security underwent a modification. among the most important components of such a transformation, the consolidation of ‘environmental security’, a topic in international security, can be taken into account. environmental security deal with threats that are not only the unintentional result of social and economic activities but are very slow in...

This paper empirically investigates the impact of globalization on the business cycle comovement of individual US states with the rest of the national economy and with the rest of world. Regressions with panel data over the period 1990-2005 provide strong evidence in support of the conventional wisdom that rising global integration over time, through either trade or foreign direct investment fl...

The recent globalization process poses significant challenges to small developing economies such as those in the Caribbean, which are already dealing with a number of issues in their pursuit of sustainable development. For Caribbean countries, the impact of globalization on trade has been reflected in increased liberalization and market-opening policies, especially during the latter part of the...

China’s recent accession to the WTO is expected to accelerate its integration into the world economy, which aggravates concerns over the impact of globalization on the already rising inter-regional income inequality in China. This paper discusses China’s globalization process and estimates an income generating function, incorporating trade and FDI variables. It then applies the newly developed ...

positive or negative effects on trade depending on their design and implementation. Analysis in this chapter confirms that gains from a preferential trade agreement cannot be taken for granted; moreover, even in agreements with positive impacts on average incomes, not all members are assured of increases. The interesting policy question then is not whether RTAs are categorically good or bad, bu...