Cooperation between organisms can often be understood, like trade between merchants, as a mutually beneficial exchange of services, resources or other 'commodities'. Mutual benefits alone, however, are not sufficient to explain the evolution of trade-based cooperation. First, organisms may reject a particular trade if another partner offers a better deal. Second, while human trade often entails...

This article examines the differences in mortality measured health status between the Medicare Advantage (MA) program and Fee-for-Service (FFS) program from 1999 to 2007. At the national level, differences in mortality rates were associated with MA market share. In some counties, enrollees in the MA program were 40% less likely to die than their peers in the FFS program, but in other counties, ...

Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollment has changed dramatically in 2011 as enrollment has shifted from private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans into preferred provider organization (PPO) plans. PFFS plans dominated the growth of the rural MA market from 2005 to 2010; however, a significant number of PFFS plans have left the market due to legislative changes that required plans to provide protections fo...

in this paper by use of mathematical modeling of an observer [14,15] the notion of relative information functional for relative dynamical systemson compact metric spaces is presented. we extract the information function ofan ergodic dynamical system (x,t) from the relative information of t fromthe view point of observer χx, where x denotes the base space of the system.we also generalize the inv...

The e-book reader revolution is here already. The questions we asked ourselves were: what are the reading preferences of information science students at the beginning of the second decade of the 21 century? How do different variables such as relative advantage, comprehension and learning strategies affect students' reading preferences? The research was conducted in Israel during the first semes...

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The article investigates the revealed comparative export advantage, relative import specialization advantage, relative trade advantage, intra-industry trade and its quality types in agrofood trade of Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia with the European Union (EU) market. The empirical results confirmed bulk of agro-food and forestry products with revealed comparative export advantages on the EU mark...