Grammatical words represent the part of grammar that can be most directly contrasted with the lexicon. Aphasiological studies, linguistic theories and psycholinguistic studies suggest that their processing is operated at different stages in speech production. Models of sentence production propose that at the formulation stage, lexical words are processed at the functional level while grammatica...

Four monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been selected from 32 hybrids that produce antibodies against this antigen, by the criteria of high affinity for CEA and low cross-reactivity with granulocyte glycoprotein(s). The specificity of tumor localization in vivo of the four MAb, and their F(ab')2 and Fab fragments was compared in nude mice bearing grafts of a seria...

abstractthis study focused mainly on the shifts of the grammatical cohesion in texts translated from english into persian. it aimed to identify the grammatical cohesive devices (gcds) in st and tt separately, based on halliday and hassn's model (1976), determine the number of occurrences of gcds in two texts and finally, illustrate types of shifts of grammatical cohesion and strategies used in ...

Computational Grammars can be adapted to detect ungrammatical sentences, effectively transforming them into error detection (or correction) systems. In this paper we provide a theoretical account of how adapt implemented HPSG grammars for grammatical detection. We discuss single input reconstructed in multiple ways and, turn, used specific, high-quality feedback language learners. then move on ...

The markedness theory has been becoming an important tool to directly link formal (structural) linguistic data and properties across languages. Markedness is one of the criteria which used determine asymmetry grammatical constructions in languages being learnt. So far, typological analyses on non-verbal Minangkabaunese[1] have not particularly based yet. Therefore, analysis Minangkabaunese ling...

Unsupervised learning algorithms have been derived for several statistical models of English grammar, but their computational complexity makes applying them to large data sets intractable. This paper presents a probabilistic model of English grammar that is much simpler than conventional models, but which admits an efficient EM training algorithm. The model is based upon grammatical bigrams, i....

This proof of concept study examines the possibility of specifying the construction of programs using a Particle Swarm algorithm, and represents a new form of automatic programming based on Social Learning, Social Programming or Swarm Programming. Each individual particle represents choices of program construction rules, where these rules are specified using a Backus-Naur Form grammar. The resu...

This study evaluated the reliability of implant-supported crowns repaired with resin composites. Fifty-four titanium abutments were divided in three groups (n = 18 each) to support resin nanoceramic molar crowns, as follows: (LU) (Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE); LU repaired with either a direct or an indirect resin composite. Samples were subjected to mouth-motion accelerated-life testing in water (n ...

This study examines the potential of Grammatical Evolution to uncover a series of useful rules which can assist in predicting corporate failure using information drawn from financial statements. A sample of 178 publically quoted, failed and non-failed US firms, drawn from the period 1991 to 2000 are used to train and test the model. The preliminary findings indicate that the methodology has muc...