The article depicts the situation before Cold War in which developing countries (DCs) and least Developed countries (LDCs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of GATT . Therefore, they resorted to UNCTAD  as the sole defender of their interests against Developed Countries in trade negotiations. UNCTAD has ...

For many of today’s social theorists and cultural critics, questions of identity are a central concern. In this paper I examine one highly influential strand of theorising about identity, associated primarily with the discipline of Cultural Studies. Here, whilst identity is certainly a key focus, it is also one which some have begun to question. Marjorie Ferguson and Peter Golding, for instance...

This paper contributes to our current knowledge about culture and e-business Web design by investigating Amazon and Taotao, two leading e-business platforms based in America and China respectively. It is revealed that the forms of cultural reification in the two Webs include categorization, representation and structuration. All of them vary from culture to culture and this variation can be capt...

We study the determinants of agricultural market reforms in developing countries. What prompted the governments in these countries to abruptly begin deregulating their agricultural markets in the late 1980’s? We answer this question by constructing a completely new dataset based on agricultural market regulations in 88 developing countries from 1960 to 2003. Our results suggest that the sudden ...

In their landmark work, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States, Erikson, Wright, and McIver (1993) study the effects of individual state partisanship and political ideology on state presidential voting. In general, they found that partisanship and ideology affected presidential voting independently of one another. In addition, from 1988 through 1992 (the last yea...

We study a model in which voters choose between two candidates on the basis of both ideology and competence. While the ideology of the candidates is commonly known, voters are imperfectly informed about competence. Voter preferences, however, are such that it is a dominant strategy to vote according to ideology alone. When voting is compulsory, the candidate of the majority ideology prevails an...


 Social relations are ties of relationships or behavior between individuals. formed differently according to the environmental conditions. The Distance Film Series which was produced during Covid Pandemic makes depiction social in this film interesting, where is made with real-life conditions that filled lockdown regulations and also distance restrictions In study, researchers used John F...

The current work sought to test the moderating role of a multicultural ideology on the relationship between categorisation salience and ingroup bias. Accordingly, in one experimental study, we manipulated categorisation salience and the accessibility of a multicultural ideology, and measured intergroup attitudes. Results show that categorisation salience only leads to ingroup bias when a multic...

iris recognition is one of the most reliable methods for identification. in general, itconsists of image acquisition, iris segmentation, feature extraction and matching. among them, iris segmentation has an important role on the performance of any iris recognition system. eyes nonlinear movement, occlusion, and specular reflection are main challenges for any iris segmentation method. in this pa...

When monastics of the Indic North and Northwest around turn Common Era made decision to introduce art into monasteries, current cultural assumptions regarding aesthetic experience such objects, which were axiomatically negated by Buddhist ideology, led certain confrontations in law praxis an attempt resolve these within monastic legal codes (vinaya) redacted during this period. Tracing historic...