experimental infection of muscovy ducks with v4 strain of newcastle disease virus was undertaken to determine the response of the ducks to the virus and the possibility of virus transmission to ducks and chickens in village like conditions. twelve ducks were randomly and equally divided into three groups of control, inoculated and in-contact. additionally, the chickens were placed into two grou...

Motor system excitability is transiently suppressed during the preparation of movement. This preparatory inhibition is hypothesized to facilitate response selection and initiation. Given that demands on selection and initiation processes increase with movement complexity, we hypothesized that complexity would influence preparatory inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we probed corticospinal exc...

Although response repetition (RR) effects vary considerably between conditions and studies, little is known about the causes. Recently, RR costs on task switch trials have been found to be larger for incongruent stimuli that activate both alternative responses than for neutral ones. Here, we investigated if this modulation can be explained by an amplification of response conflict account (ARC)....