the present study investigated any probable relationship between theidentity processing styles and l2 literacy of advanced persian efl learners. theparticipants included 160 (female = 109, male = 51) advanced efl iranian learners.the instruments used included a simulation of the toefl ibt test, measuring theparticipants’ l2 literacy-related proficiency, reading, and writing, and the identitysty...

A large ongoing debate centers on the costs and benefits of increasing the minimum wage in an economy. Supporters of minimum wage legislation highlight that it can shift the earnings distribution in favor of low-paid workers by shrinking the bottom tail of the distribution. Opponents highlight its disemployment effect and the fact that it might reduce the share of earnings going to low-paid wor...

Ecological studies on feral populations of mice, fish and birds elucidate the functional significance of phenotypes that differ individually in their behavioral and neuroendocrine response to environmental challenge. Within a species, the capacity to cope with environmental challenges largely determines individual survival in the natural habitat. Recent studies indicate that individual variatio...

BACKGROUND Postal questionnaires are an economical and simple method of data collection for research purposes but are subject to non-response bias. Several studies have explored the effect of monetary and non-monetary incentives on response. Recent meta-analyses conclude that financial incentives are an effective way of increasing response rates. However, large surveys rarely have the resources...

AIM This study investigates which leadership styles can be identified among general practice lead physicians and how they are associated with and predicted by staff and context characteristics like profession, gender, age, work experience, and team size. METHOD/MATERIAL: In a cross-sectional study self-administered questionnaires were distributed to staff physicians (42% females) and support st...

INTR()DUCTi()N Organizations vltry in the way they respond to orglmizational problems, even when they are in similar task environments or are facing simihu stress conditions (Scott 1987). This way of response is due, in part, agent style (Kets de Vries and Miller 1986; LaPorle and Consolini 1991), which is also related to the norms in, or culture of, thc organization (Parsons 1956; Blumberg 198...