This paper studies a Stackelberg game wherein sender (leader) attempts to shape the information of less informed receiver (follower) who in turn takes an action that determines payoff for both players. The chooses signals maximize its own utility function while aims ascertain value source is privately known sender. It well such sender–receiver games admit vast number equilibria and not all from...

The Prophet (saw) said: “Difference among my Ummah is a mercy.” emergence of new sects manifestation the current human thought. This thought movement always affects condition, both positive and negative influences. Ahmadiyah sect, including reformers Islamic world. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad al-Mahdi al-Masih. study uses library research approach. Revelation in perspective has been confirmed suras al-J...

We consider mechanism design and redesign for markets like Internet advertising where many frequent, small transactions are organized by a principal. Mechanisms for these markets rarely have truthtelling equilibria. We identify a family of winner-pays-bid mechanisms for such markets that exhibit three properties. First, equilibria in these mechanisms are simple. Second, the mechanisms’ paramete...

The strategic interactions among the designer of a mechanism and its participants can be modeled as a multi-stage game. The designer moves first by selecting a mechanism. The participants observe the mechanism, and move thereafter. For ease of exposition, we restrict our present attention to a two-stage game, in which the participants play a simultaneous-move (i.e., one-shot) game in the second...

the relationship between objective realities of the time of revelation and impressionability or non- impressionability of revelation from that realities are of the important issues that raised many doubts and debates in recent century. undoubtedly, accepting the impressionability of the holy quran from the realities of that time could be considered as one of the fundamentals of the historicity ...