Reverse osmosis is the most widely used desalination technology for treating irrigation water. removes both monovalent ions detrimental to crops (Na+,Cl?) and divalent beneficial (Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42?). Fertilizer must then be added desalinated water reintroduce these nutrients. Unlike reverse osmosis, selective electrodialysis selectively while retaining in This paper investigates selectivity cost ...

The leachate of a municipal waste landfill was tested for estrogenic activity using a reporter-gene-based bioassay with a human breast-cancer-derived cell line (MVLN cells). The leachate was processed with two different membrane-employing processes operating in parallel. One process consists of aerobic biological degradation, ultrafiltration, and subsequent adsorption to activated carbon. The s...

Interest in reuse of process water from the food industry has reinforced the importance of controlling and monitoring the effectiveness and reliability of treatment systems regarding removal of organic matter and microorganisms. The ability of adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence, conductivity, turbidometry, absorbance, and multichannel fluorescence spectroscopy for indirectly monitoring the ...

A sustainable circular economy involves designing and promoting products with the least environmental impact. This research presents an experimental performance investigation of direct contact membrane distillation feed approaching supersaturation salinity, which can be useful for management reverse osmosis reject water. Traditionally, water from systems is discharged in sea or source body. The...

BACKGROUND The bacterial and chemical contamination of dialysate fluids are important problems in haemodialysis therapy and may be caused by the water used for dialysate preparation. METHODS We performed a survey of the microbiological and chemical quality of the water used in seven dialysis wards. Special attention was paid to the effects of each water treatment step, for example ion exchang...