One of the most important tasks in urban remote sensing is the detection of impervious surfaces (IS), such as roofs and roads. However, detection of IS in heterogeneous areas still remains one of the most challenging tasks. In this study, detection of concrete roof using an object-based approach was proposed. A new rule-based classification was developed to detect concrete roof tile. This propo...

Nowadays we can observe the change of the structure of energy resources, which leads to the increasing fraction of a renewable energy sources. Traditional underground coal mining loses its significance in a total but there are countries, including Poland, which economy is still coal based. A decreasing coal resources imply an exploitation a becoming harder accessible coal beds what is connected...

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the asymptotic behavior of a shell structure, as the thickness (t) approaches zero, can be evaluated numerically. We consider three representative shell structural problems; the original Scordelis–Lo roof shell problem, a herein proposed modified Scordelis–Lo roof shell problem and the partly clamped hyperbolic paraboloid shell problem. The asym...

Geographic information systems (GIS) now provide accurate maps of terrain, roads, waterways, and building footprints and heights. Aircraft, particularly small unmanned aircraft systems, can exploit additional information such as building roof structure to improve navigation accuracy and safety particularly in urban regions. This paper proposes a method to automatically label building roof shape...

The work described in this paper aims at developing the interrelation and overall effects of interaction between a folded plate roof structure and a system of branching column supports. In the context of architectural performance it is of interest to discuss the effects of the material on environmental conditions. The current study is complementary to a project on environmental and architectura...

We present an interface for users to conveniently and quickly create a settlement with various standard structures in traditional Chinese architecture. The main page of the interface is a top-down map view of the canvas which allows users to place different structures, such as pavilions, pagodas, halls, houses, gates, moon-gates and bridges onto the scene. Then, the user can custom-design each ...

Reliability is often understood as the probability that a structure will not fail to perform its intended function. In this paper, the general formulation of consistent evaluation of the safety of structures and the associated methods of analysis are reviewed. After the reliability analysis of a cantilever beam is demonstrated, the methodology of reliability-based optimization and the related p...

The concept of demonstration prairies on the roofs of industrial and commercial premises is recommended as a means of stimulating interest in prairie ecology and of providing educational facilities in urban areas. The economics of such rooftop locations for prairie studies and research depends upon the multiple use of land for seemingly incompatible activities. The use of selected vegetation as...

Widespread damage to roofs in hurricanes and other high wind events has highlighted the need for improving the wind performance of roofs, including both new construction and retrofit on existing buildings. Effective and economical methods to mitigate wind effects on roof components are sought to reduce accumulated losses from frequently recurring lowand moderate-intensity events. An experimenta...