Several candidate vaccines against Shigella spp. are in development, but the lack of a clear correlate of protection from challenge with the induction of adequate immune responses among the youngest age groups in the developing world has hampered Shigella vaccine development over the past several decades. Bioconjugation technology, exploited here for an Shigella flexneri 2a candidate vaccine, o...

Abstract Video presentation of acute gastric volvulus in one patient with previous history a giant recurrent hiatal hernia, corrected synthetic absorbable mesh year prior to the event. The video contains first surgery, follow-up studies, intra operative findings (mesh status) and resolution. It raises question whether, extremely large hernias, specially recurred ones, adjuvant techniques should...

A vigorous search continues for drugs capable of alleviating those connective tissue diseases which are mediated by immunological mechanisms. The experimental disorder caused in rats by the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant or of mycobacteria suspended in oil has been used extensively to test compounds for this purpose. Adjuvant disease, of which polyarthritis is a prominent feature, is h...

to evaluate the effect of probiotic (primalac) and salmonella enteritidis-specific igy on prevention of salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens, four 33 week-old single comb white leghorn hens were hyperimmunized with salmonella enteritidis (se) whole cell antigens obtained by ultrasonication and administrated at a protein concentration of 500 ?g/ml after centrifugation. primary im...

Streptococcus pyogenes causes severe invasive infections: the post-streptococcal sequelae of acute rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD), acute glomerulonephritis, and uncomplicated pharyngitis and pyoderma. Efforts to produce a vaccine against S. pyogenes began several decades ago, and different models have been proposed. Here, we describe the methodology used in the developme...

In order to replace the use of mammals for the production of hyperimmune sera and to replace Freund"s complete adjuvant (FCA) with its undesirable side effects, the production and immunological features of IgY were investigated systematically. An important advantage of IgY is that large amounts can easily be extracted from the yolk of immunized laying hens. With special regard to animal welfare...

Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is extremely rare and patient survival is very poor. The disease usually presents at advanced stages because the cancer progresses rapidly. The only option for effective treatment is radical cystectomy, and no effective chemotherapy has been established for this variant. We report a case of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladd...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) causes a major upper respiratory tract infection often leading to severe illness and death in the elderly. Thus, it is important to induce safe and effective mucosal immunity against this pathogen in order to prevent pnuemocaccal infection. However, this is a very difficult task to elicit protective mucosal IgA antibody responses in older individuals....

References 1. Powles T, Paterson A, McCloskey E, Schein P, Scheffler B, Tidy A, Ashley S, Smith I, Ottestad L , Kanis J: Reduction in bone relapse and improved survival with oral clodronate for adjuvant treatment of operable breast cancer [ISRCTN83688026]. Breast Cancer Research 2006, 8:R13. Correction Correction: Reduction in bone relapse and improved survival with oral clodronate for adjuvant...

A decision that tortures patients with adverse findings (positive margins, and/or stage T3/4) after prostatectomy is whether to jump into adjuvant radiation right away, or wait until PSA rises to 0.2 ng/ml before having salvage radiation. We want early treatment while the cancer is still local, but we don’t want to over-treat cancers that may never require treatment in our lifetimes. Currently,...