Artificial fill (Holocene)—Mud, sand, and gravel of varying proportions, possibly including foreign debris such as concrete, logs, timbers, or brick. Used for highway roadbeds and other construction. Thickness generally greater than 2 m. Mapped where fill substantially obscures or has altered original geologic deposit. Beach deposits (Holocene)—Soft sand, silt, and mud deposited or reworked by ...

The western Ordos Plateau is a key area of shrub diversity and a National Nature Reserve of endangered shrub species in north-west China. Desert expansion is becoming the most important threat to these endangered species. However, little is known about the effects of sand burial on the dynamics of the shrub community. This study aims to investigate how the shrubs as a community and as different...

The previous researches focused on the influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases exerting global warming, but not consider whether desert sand may warm the planet, this could be improved by accounting for sand's physical and geometric properties. Here we show, sand particles (because of their geometry) at the desert surface form an extended surface of up to 1 + π/4 times the planar area of th...

Natural fibres such as jute were the forerunners of the man-made fibres used for centuries for making ropes and formanufacturing burlaps, sacks, hessian and carpet backing. But the use of jute products in civil engineering is relativelywidespread for such purposes as sand-bags for concrete curing, soil enrichment and protection. This research is concerned with the stabilization of fine sand usi...

Pear black spot (PBS) disease, which is caused by Alternaria alternata (Aa), is one of the most serious diseases affecting sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivation worldwide. To investigate the defense mechanisms of sand pear in response to Aa, the transcriptome of a sand pear germplasm with differential resistance to Aa was analyzed using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Four libraries der...

A wild type strain ofVerticillium lecanii and a mutant strain with increased tolerance to the fungicide benomyl were evaluated in greenhouse experiments for effects on Heterodera glycines populations. Nematodes were applied at 300 eggs and juveniles per 4,550-cm(3) pot (two soybean plants in 4,990 g loamy sand per pot) and at both 300 and 10,000 eggs and juveniles per 1,720-cm(3) pot (one soybe...

Colic (abdominal pain), caused from the accumulation of sand and small pieces of gravel in the large colon, continues to be a problem for horses. In one study, of the cases of colic with an identifiable cause, 5% of the reported colic cases were due to sand. This was greater than those caused by gas (3%), mesenteric arteritis caused by small strongyles (1%), and ingestion of moldy grain (1%). I...

Gaza beach is the only recreational area available for the local inhabitants. It is heavily polluted with treated, partially treated, and untreated sewage from point and nonpoint sources. The majority of the population is below the age of 15 years. This age group is vulnerable to gastrointestinal diseases and usually restricts their activities to beach sand at the swash zone. Five sampling poin...

Studies on predat~on are often based solely on the measurement of predator consumption rates, providing little information on underlying behavioral mechan~sms. In this study, behav~oral observations were used In conjunchon with consumption rate analyses to investigate the predatory interactions between 2 brachyuran crabs, Ovalipes ocellatus and Calllnectes sapidus, and juvenile hard clams Aderc...

The endemicity of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the Cianorte municipality, Paraná State the occurrence of human cases with the probable infection locus in the urban area, the presence of a permanently preserved modified native forest in the urban perimeter, and the lack of knowledge of the fauna of sand flies in the municipality provided the impetus for this study. The objective of ...