Steady, Darcian, 1-D, 1-phase evaporation through a vertically inhomogeneous soil from a horizontal water table is simulated as an optimal control problem, i.e. the hydraulic properties of the porous medium (relative permeability of moisture and capillary water retention curve) are considered as control functions. The Richards nonlinear ordinary differential equation is integrated twice as a bo...

This paper addresses the problems of the design of anti-windup schemes for linear systems subject to amplitude limitations in actuator and sensor. The design of anti-windup loops, using both measured and estimated variables, is considered in order to enlarge the region of stability of the closed-loop system, whereas some performance in terms of bounded controlled output is guaranteed. Based on ...

In this Letter, we disclose a fast switchable Fresnel zone lens (FZL) by confining the ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) in multiple microscopically defined photo-aligned alignment domains. The photo-alignment (PA) offers good control on the anchoring energy (W) by mean of irradiation doses (ID) and thus excellent alignment for FLCs. Two operational modes of the FLCFZL, i.e., FOCUS/OFF and F...

Understanding infiltration pathways throughout the different compartments of karst systems (soil-epikarst-unsaturated zone-saturated zone) is vital to assess recharge processes, vulnerability pollution, and general hydrogeological functioning these kind aquifers. To gain deeper insight into soil-water-rock hydrogeochemical processes occurring vertically hierarchized aquifer evaluate applicabili...

High water-cut oil production is one of the major issues in petroleum industry. The present study investigates different profile control solutions, with an emphasis on selective methods and materials that mostly decrease permeability water-saturated reservoir areas. To achieve water flow blockage fractured porous media, sodium silicate-based gel-forming composition was developed. test procedure...

The fluidization in the furnace of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers is described. Data have been obtained from a 12 MWth CFB boiler and literature. bottom bubbling rather than fast or turbulently as often assumed. There an extended splash zone above this bed, which particles are thrown up by bubbles fall back onto bed. Other carried further into transport zone, initially saturated gas fl...