This article considers unbiased prediction of levels when data series are modeled as a random walk with drift and other exogenous factors after taking natural logs. We derive the unique predictors for growth its variance. Derivation level forecasts is more involved because last observation enters conditional expectation highly correlated parameter estimates, even asymptotically. leads to concep...

This study undertakes a systematic literature review on recent developments in unit root tests. We highlight popular tests developed since 2010 based the number of citations. observe from that most test is Narayan and Popp least quantile nonlinear test, mainly because it was only recently. The use popularity recently can be judged after 5 to 10 years.

the prime objective of the study is to identify the long-run and short-run relationship between indian stock price viz., bse sensex (hereafter named as bse) and gold price (gold) in india. the daily closing price data were collected for the period of ten years ranging from 1st april 2004 to 31st march 2014 with 2490 observations. the study employed two models: model one used gold as dependent v...

In tropical forests light and water availability are the most important factors for seedling growth and survival but an increasing frequency of drought may affect tree regeneration. One central question is whether drought and shade have interactive effects on seedling growth and survival. Here, we present results of a greenhouse experiment, in which seedlings of 10 Ghanaian tree species were ex...