We present second-order value numbering, a new optimization method for suppressing redundancy, in a version tailored to the application for optimizing the decision procedure of jMosel, a verification tool set for monadic second-order logic on strings (M2L(Str)). The method extends the well-known concept of value numbering to consider not merely values, but semantics transformers that can be eff...

Knowledge involves belief. Belief is a propositional attitude, i.e. an attitude that a subject holds towards a proposition. If a subject S knows that P and the proposition P involves no further knowledge attribution, let us say that S possesses first-order knowledge. On the other hand, if S knows that P and the proposition P involves a knowledge attribution, let us say that S possesses higher-o...

There is mounting evidence that there are three parallel streams of visual motion computation—firstand second-order systems that are primarily monocular and a third-order binocular system (Lu & Sperling, 1995a, 1995b, 1996c). The first-order system extracts motion from drifting luminance modulations, and the secondorder system extracts motion from drifting texture contrast modulations. These pr...

Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have revealed that the visual system is sensitive to both "first-order" motion, in which moving features are defined by luminance cues, and "second-order" motion, in which motion is defined by nonluminance cues, such as contrast or flicker. Here we show psychophysically that common types of second-order stimuli provide potent cues to depth order. Al...

We theoretically consider the existence of multiple nonzero components of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor, χ(2), generated via strain-induced symmetry breaking in crystalline silicon. We determine that, in addition to the previously reported χ(xxy)(2) component, the χ(yyy)(2) component also becomes nonzero based on the remaining symmetry present in the strained material. In ord...

We present a technique based on the use of coherent confocal microscopy that can be used to estimate, to within a scale factor, all of the elements of the second-order susceptibility tensor of a single pointlike nanoparticle under permutation and Kleinman symmetry. An estimate of the three-dimensional position of a nanoparticle is also obtained. A forward model for the problem is presented and ...

The low-field (below 5 Oe) ac and dc magnetic response of a magnetic fluid [MF] sample in the range of 305 to 360 K and 410 to 455 K was experimentally and theoretically investigated. We found a systematic deviation of Curie's law, which predicts a linear temperature dependence of inverse initial susceptibility in the range of our investigation. This finding, as we hypothesized, is due to the o...