Virialized systems, such as clusters and groups of galaxies, represent an ideal laboratory for investigating the formation and evolution of structure on the largest scales. Furthermore, the properties of the gaseous intracluster medium provide key insights into the influence of important non-gravitational processes like energy injection and radiative cooling, resulting from feedback associated ...

Models of galaxy formation should be able to predict the properties of clusters of galaxies, in particular their gas fractions, metallicities, X-ray luminosity-temperature relation, temperature function and mass-deposition-rate function. Fitting these properties places important constaints on galaxy formation on all scales. By following gas processes in detail, our semi-analytic model (based on...

DC thermal effects modelling for nanometric silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and bulk fin-shaped field-effect transistors (FinFETs) is presented. Among other features, the model incorporates self-heating effects (SHEs), velocity saturation and short-channel effects. SHEs are analysed in depth by means of thermal resistances, which are determined through an equivalent thermal circuit, accounting for t...

Isotopic purification of group IV elements leads to substantial increase in thermal conductivity due to reduced scattering of the phonons. Based on this concept, a simulation study is used to demonstrate the reduction of at least 25 o C in LDMOS average temperature.

Numerical simulations of the multi-phase interstellar medium have been carried out, using a 3D, nonlinear, magnetohydrodynamic, shearing-box model, with random motions driven by supernova explosions. These calculations incorporate the effects of magnetic fields and rotation in 3D; these play important dynamical roles in the galaxy, but are neglected in many other simulations. The supernovae dri...

Andesitic pumice erupted in 1985 from Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia) has been magnetized in opposite direction t o the present geomagnetic field. This self-reversal is probably due t o an exchange mechanism between two phases of the haematite-ilmenite series, which is similar to the magnetic coupling observed in synthetically grown antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic FeMn-FeNi films produced un...

Nitride semiconductors have emerged as a strong candidate for high power, high temperature and high frequency applications in the recent years [13]. The motivation for using this material system is clearly illustrated in Figure 1 below. It is important to emphasize that the strongest feature of the III-V materials is the heterostructure technology it can support quantum well, modulation-doped h...

Compost product safety and quality assurance are required to meet the needs of the horticultural, agricultural, and silvicultural user markets. At present, there exist no industry-wide sampling and testing protocols for compost products, thus limiting the production sector. The objective of this research was to test three methods for determining compost maturity. The study followed the composti...

As technology scales, increasing clock rates, decreasing interconnect pitch and the introduction of low-k dielectrics have made self-heating of the global interconnects an important issue in VLSI design. Further, high bus temperatures have had a negative impact on the delay and reliability of on-chip interconnects. Energy and thermal models are used to characterise the effects of self-heating o...