While octopuses are mostly benthic animals, and squid prefer the open waters, cuttlefish present a special intermediate stage. Although their body structure resembles that of a squid, in many cases their behavior is mostly benthic. To test cuttlefish's preference in the use of space, we trained juvenile Sepia gibba and Sepia officinalis cuttlefish to reach a shelter at the opposite side of a ta...

Cephalopod mollusks are renowned for their colorful and dynamic body patterns, produced by an assemblage of skin components that interact with light. These may include iridophores, leucophores, chromatophores and (in some species) photophores. Here, we present molecular evidence suggesting that cephalopod chromatophores - small dermal pigmentary organs that reflect various colors of light - are...

Anal fissure is one of the most painful anorectal diseases which makes patient seek medical help. The textbooks modern medicine classify anal fissures into acute and chronic depending on duration. position also other underlying if present, predispose towards chronicity. According to Hahnemannian classification diseases, are tubercular in origin. Combined with Sycotic miasm, condition becomes ag...

melissa officinalis l. (labiatae) traditionally used in treating neurological disorders has also been identified as a memory-enhancing herb. the extract of m. officinalis has a cholinergic property. the role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, the neurons that are destroyed in alzheimer’s disease (ad), in learning and memory, is also well known. the aim of this study is to investigate the r...

introduction: diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system leading to increased blood glucose concentration in the patients. as a basic treatment for managing the blood glucose level, insulin or hypoglycemic medications are used but herbal medicines are more favored. the design of this research project was to study the therapeutic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of melissa...

Nephrotoxicity is a major limiting factor in cisplatin treatment. In the present study hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Emblica officinalis was investigated for its protective role in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. The experiment was designed for 14 days and male Wistar rats were divided into 9 groups (n = 5). Group 1 served as control (with no treatment), group 2 served as a vehicle control ...