Today about 2.4 billion people in rural and urban areas do not have access to adequate sanitation services. Within 20 years, it is expected that an additional 2 billion will live in towns and cities, mainly in developing countries, demanding sanitation. Still over 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Conventional sanitation co...

Mercury pollution is a persistent and increasing problem in the environment. Along with some natural sources of the metal, major man-made sources of mercury pollution include incinerators, fossil fuel plants, and municipal sewage systems. The EPA estimated that in 1989, approximately 643,000 kg of mercury was discarded as municipal solid waste, with 84% of it landfilled.

Nowadays, waste production is increased due to the growth of technology and excessive use of natural resources as well as production of new chemicals, among which the hazardous wastes are no exception of that stabilization and solidification method is one of the hazardous waste management methods through which the waste materials are stabilized and confined. High flexibility for various polluta...

Every human activity creates waste (Tciiobanoglous et al., 1993). India is the second most populous nation in the world; the uncontrolled growth of urban areas has led to deficiency in infrastructural services such as: water supply, sewage and municipal solid waste management (MSWM). The burgeoning population has resulted in a massive pressure on the health-care services, leading to huge amount...

Recently adjustment of laws, development of technologies and business movement have encouraged the transition to a recycling-based society. Biogas energy is being watched with keenest interest as environmentally-friendly, alternative energy source instead of petroleum. It is proposed that biomass energy will be introduced worldwide in large quantities. Particularly for Japan, which lags behind ...

Study on mangrove water and sediment of Paraiba do Norte river (Northeastern Brazil) and crabmeat of Ucides cordatus was carried to investigate the relation between the abundance of bacteria in the mangrove habitat and in the crabmeat. Simultaneous collection of samples of water, sediment and crabs (U. cordatus) was done during the rainy and dry seasons at two areas of mangroves that differed i...

This work reviews (i) the most recent information on waste arisings and waste disposal options in the world, in the European Union (EU), in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OEDC) countries, and in some developing countries (notably China) and (ii) the potential direct and indirect impact of waste management activities on health. Though the main focus is primarily on munic...

When people think about sustainability, they often focus on 'content' issues. It is natural for people to want the outcomes of decisions to be sustainable: for example, for organisations to reduce their production of wastes, or for individuals to consume energy that is produced ftom renewable sources. What is sometimes forgotten, however, is that the process by which we move towards sustainable...

In order to determine phenolic compounds in water, we propose a method based on the reaction of phenolic compounds with 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of peroxodisulfate at pH 10 to form antipyrine dye and the solid-phase extraction of dye with a Varian Bond Elut Plexa cartridge. Dye collected on the cartridge is eluted with acetonitrile and the absorbance is measured at 475 nm. In our exper...