Abstract Copper-Indium-Gallium-diSelenide (CIGS) thin film solar cell is a promising candidate for energy harvesting because of its high absorption coefficient and low cost compared to silicon-based cells. Absorber layer bandgap grading suitable method improve CIGS performance. Bandgap leads the decrease recombination rate at rear surface, which increases open circuit voltage. Furthermore, impr...

background diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) is a form of magnetic resonance imaging (mri) based on measuring the random brownian motion of water molecules within the biological tissues and is particularly useful in tumor characterization. objectives the purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of dw mri and the apparent diffusion coefficient (adc) for preoperative grading of a...

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PURPOSE We examined agreement among experts in the assessment of corneal subbasal nerve tortuosity. METHODS Images of corneal subbasal nerves were obtained from investigators at seven sites (Auckland, Boston, Linköping, Manchester, Oslo, Rostock, and Sydney) using laser-scanning in vivo confocal microscopy. A set of 30 images was assembled and ordered by increasing tortuosity by 10 expert gra...

We describe a system capable of grading free-form diagrammatic answers. Our matches meaningful parts of a diagram with equivalents in a model solution. This is complicated by errors, omissions, and superfluous items in the student answer. The result of matching is used to calculate the grade and generate appropriate feedback; it performs at least as well as a human marker on a variety of diagra...

The effect of guessing in multiple choice tests is usually reduced by using a large number of test items and increasing the number of choices per item. The paper addresses the important and practical issue of grading Two-Alternative format tests, that is, decision questions of the true/false type, where the answer is only one of two choices .This format is not only easy to construct, but could ...