This paper describes VR Sketchpad, a pen-based computing environment for inputting and locating 3D objects in a virtual world. Designer can use the transparency layers to quickly trace and extract any image underlay from other application software. The 3D scene generation has three levels of complexity: simple extrusion of any drawn lines of shapes (i.e., straight or curved wall and column extr...

In a confined simple shear flow, the macromolecules of polymeric liquid reorient near walls so that measured viscosity decreases. For instance, in small-amplitude oscillatory real part complex decreases with confinement, and macromolecular orientation explains this. These effects oscillation have been explained analytically for rigid dumbbell suspension and, summation coefficients determined. B...

During cruciform extrusion, a DNA inverted repeat unwinds and forms a four-way junction in which two of the branches consist of hairpin structures obtained by self-pairing of the inverted repeats. Here, we use single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation to monitor in real-time cruciform extrusion and rewinding. This allows us to determine the size of the cruciform to nearly base pair accuracy and its ...