TiE Victorian era secured for man the revolutionary concepts of geological time and natural selection and may well have been the last epoch in which the world of science was seriously contested by the principles of theology, if not the ethics of religion. Not since the time of Galileo was there a greater need for resolution and compromise between these opposing forces. Thomas Henry Huxley clear...

The orthodox view of the relationship between science and religion, exemplified by Stephen Gould’s “nonoverlapping magisteria” (NOMA) principle 1 is that they are fully compatible and thus can peacefully coexist. This view is exemplified by a National Academy of Sciences pamphlet on Science Evolution and Creationism and a related book by one of its leading authors 3 and it is also eloquently ex...

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Cognitive approaches to religious phenomena have attracted considerable interdisciplinary attention since their emergence a couple of decades ago. Proponents offer explanatory accounts of the content and transmission of religious thought and behavior in terms of underlying cognition. A central claim is that the cross-cultural recurrence and historical persistence of religion is attributable to ...

Introduction: Two Ways to Handle Contradictions This essay focuses on the cognitive tension between science and religion, in particular on the contradictions between some of the claims of current science and some of the claims in religious texts. My aim is to suggest how some work in the philosophy of science may help to manage this tension. Thus I will attempt to apply some work in the philoso...

imam ali (peace be upon him) told that physicians must have pietism and don’t abstain from guidance, advice and diligence. islam religion recognizes medicine as an allowable and necessary profession.  prophet mohammad (pbuh) and imams (pbuh) tell that sage physician status in their science, art and tasks like jurisconsult scientist status. more than one thousand years ago, abubakr rabei ebne ah...

instrumentalism (in the science) refers to a view that considers scientific theories as nothing more than instruments for prediction. sometimes the traces of this attitude have been searched in the writings of plato and aristotle; but mostly the pioneers of the theory have been thought to be the priests who regarded the scientific propositions as mere hypothesis, in order to defend religious do...