Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a drug that commonly is used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Although it typically is known as a safe and effective therapy, a number of adverse effects associated with GA have been reported in the literature. Local injection-site reactions (LISRs) and mild systemic symptoms are among the most commonly described adverse effects. A r...

Background: Skin flap procedures are employed in plastic surgery, but failure can lead to necrosis of the flap. Studies have used bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to improve flap viability. BM-MSCs and acellular amniotic membrane (AAM) have been introduced as alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BM-MSCs and AAM on mast cells of random skin flaps (R...

Distal skin ischemic necrosis is a common complication in skin flap surgery. The pathogenesis of skin flap ischemic necrosis is unclear, and there is no clinical treatment available. Here, we used the 4 x 10 cm rat dorsal skin flap model to test our hypothesis that subcutaneous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) in skin flaps at the time of surgery is effective in aug...

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are the standard agents used for antithrombotic therapy and prophylaxis. Despite their widespread use, reports about adverse effects from LMWHs are very scarce. Heparin-induced skin necrosis at the injection site is a rare adverse effect, more commonly associated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) rather than with LMWH, while its mechanism remains unclear. T...

Calciphylaxis is a poorly understood and highly morbid syndrome of vascular calcification and skin necrosis. We describe the case of a 52-year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inappropriately treated with oral steroids for 18-years who developed renal impairment followed by skin necrosis and gangrene of right hand. She had subcutaneous calcium deposition with bilateral renal s...

Localized necrosis of the bone, cartilage, and soft tissue of the external auditory canal is an uncommon side effect of radiotherapy to the parotid region. Five patients developed late onset skin necrosis of a quadrant of the ear canal secondary to an underlying osteoradionecrosis of the tympanic ring. We report a one-stage procedure to excise the necrotic tissue and replace it with a local rot...

Skin-sparing mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and synchronous breast reconstruction are widely used in breast cancer surgery nowadays. Difficulties in feeling confident in this technique and postoperative surgical complications are the major obstacles against the widespread usage of this technique. Compared with the other surgical techniques, the complications are hard to treat...

Cutaneous reactions have been reported during anticoagulant therapy with coumarin derivatives, unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, danaparoid and hirudins. Anticoagulant-induced skin reactions vary from local allergic manifestations to skin necrosis. In patients with allergic reactions, diagnosis and crossreactions between anticoagulants can be confirmed by intracutan...

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare cause of heart failure which usually develops between 4 weeks prepartum and 5 months postpartum in women without previously known cardiac disease. Intracardiac thrombi are not uncommon in patients with PPCM [1]. But other factors such as protein C deficiency may aggravate the hypercoagulable state caused by PPCM. In patients with protein C deficiency, ...

Complications in hypospadias surgery are not uncommon however penile skin or flap necrosis is rarely reported. Ischemia of the flap or graft is a major complication in two stage repair of hypospadias. A 2-year old boy with proximal penile hypospadias, operated earlier for chordee correction and urethral plate formation with a preputial flap, presented for stage 2 repair. Ten days after surgery ...