نتایج جستجو برای: snow
تعداد نتایج: 17514 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Remote sensing offers local, regional and global observations of seasonal snow, providing key information on snowpack processes. This brief review highlights advancements in instrumentation and analysis techniques that have been developed over the past decade. Areas of advancement include improved algorithms for mapping snow-cover extent, snow albedo, snow grain size, snow water equivalent, mel...
This paper presents a method of computing snow accumulation as a per pixel effect while rendering the scene. The method is similar to the shadow mapping method for shadow calculations. A depth buffer is used to find out how much snow a particular surface should receive. The amount of snow is then modified depending on the slope of the surface. To render the snow in a convincing way 3D noise is ...
We developed a technique to improve spectral mixture Results were verified with a high spatial resolution aerial analysis of snow-covered area in alpine regions through photograph demonstrating equivalent accuracy. Analysis the use of multiple snow endmembers. Snow reflectance of fraction under/overflow and residuals confirmed mixin near-infrared wavelengths is sensitive to snow grain ture anal...
A permanent snow cover for several months is typical for large parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Snow layers thicker than about 20 cm insulate the soil surface and stabilize the ground temperature close to 0°C. Many ground-living invertebrates are active at this temperature in the subnivean air space. From this “base camp”, some invertebrates migrate upwards to use the snow as a substrate. T...
Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding a...
Recent work on snow pack energy exchange has involved detailed investigations on snow albedo and attempts to integrate energy energy balance calculations over drainage basins. Along with our better understanding of the electromagnetic properties of snow, research in remote sensing has become more focused toward estimation of snow pack properties. In snow metamorphism, analyses of the physical p...
The vast majority of previous research of snow in computer graphics has been on the construction of relatively high level geometric descriptions. Indeed this is not unreasonable, as it is the most salient visual characteristic of snow, however, a large number of visual cues come from the surface appearance of snow: its density, purity, cues to curvature and thickness. These cues are essential t...
1. introduction glaciers and snow covers in the mountains play an important role in the water budget of many areas of the world (ramage and isacks, 2003). in high altitudes and mountainous regions, snowmelt is a great contributor to the yearly runoff. the snow melt supplies 1/6 of people's needed water but due to global warming these glaciers may be at risk (barnett, et al. 2005). for the regio...
[1] In a yearlong investigation of the air-snow transfer function for nitrate (NO3 ) at the Greenland Environmental Observatory, Summit (3203 m above sea level), surface snow concentrations measured every other day were compared with levels measured in 10 snow pits dug adjacent to accumulation stakes. Concentrations in the surface snow ranged from 0.4 to 34 mM with a mean of 2.9 ± 1.9 mM. Measu...
The chapter contains the general information on snow properties and main processes which occur in snow pack during cold period and during snowmelt. The models of hydrothermal processes and heat and moisture transfer in the dry and melting snow pack are described. The methods of calculation of snowmelt rate based on the energy budget of snow pack have been reviewed. To interpolate the spatial di...
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