Fluids and electrolytes (sodium) are consumed by athletes, or recommended to athletes, for a number of reasons, before, during, and after exercise. These reasons are generally to sustain total body water, as deficits (hypohydration) will increase cardiovascular and thermal strain and degrade aerobic performance. Vigorous exercise and warm/hot weather induce sweat production, which contains both...

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to analyze magnetic resonance imaging findings of gamma-amino butyric acid and gamma deuteroxy sodium butyrate and to evaluate possible "in vitro" and "in vivo" areas of use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials used included gamma-amino butyric acid and gamma deuteroxy sodium butyrate which is formed by the replacement of the deuteroxy group. An amino group in...

The management of mechanical complications which may accompany ileostomy has been well described (Warren and McKittrick, 1951; Lahey, 1951, i95oa, I95ob; Hardy et al., 1949; Cave, I946; Cave and Nickel, I940). Information is not readily available about the management of the fluid and electrolyte exchange in patients with recent ileostomies. The various aspects of electrolyte exchange in such ca...

The aim of this work was to study the effect of sodium chloride replacement with potassium chloride on quality changes of hot smoked Kilka during storage at ± 4°C. To achieve this, after initial preparation, samples were exposed to brining process in two salts. This study was designed in two stages: in the first stage, different levels of salt replacement were used to select the best smoked tre...

BACKGROUND Ultramarathon runners commonly believe that sodium replacement is important for prevention of muscle cramping, dehydration, hyponatremia, and nausea during prolonged continuous exercise. The purpose of this study was to measure total sodium intake to determine if these beliefs are supported. METHODS Participants of a 161-km ultramarathon (air temperature reaching 39 °C) provided fu...

Hypertonicity induced by NaCl, but not by urea or mannitol, up-regulates expression of the gamma subunit of Na/K-ATPase in cells of the murine inner medullary collecting duct line (IMCD3) by activation of the Jun kinase 2 (JNK2) pathways. We examined the ionic mediators of the osmosensitive response. An increase in osmolality to 550 milliosmoles per kg of water (mosmol/kgH2O) for 48 h by replac...