Sympatric closely-related species co-occur within heterogeneous environments by occupying separate ecological niches as result of adaptive differentiation. Soil salinity is one the most relevant drivers leading plant zonation in salt marshes, where germination a critical stage life cycle many halophytes. Salinity influence on patterns was evaluated for six sympatric Limonium (L. admirable, L. c...

The strengths of biological processes (e.g., larval settlement, competition, predation, distribution of food resources) and physical factors (e.g., desiccation, freezing, salinity fluctuations) can be correlated with tidal height and may contribute to the vertical zonation of many rocky intertidal organisms. Habitat structural complexity has also been shown to influence the density and diversit...

Forest dynamics in New Zealand are shaped by catastrophic, landscape-level disturbances (e.g. volcanic eruptions, windstorms and fires). The long return-intervals of these disturbances, combined with the longevity of many of New Zealand’s tree species, restrict empirical investigations of forest dynamics. In combination with empirical data (e.g. palaeoecological reconstructions), simulation mod...

Very large volume (>1000 km of magma) crystal-rich dacitic ignimbrites that lack pronounced evidence of fractional crystallization or vertical zonation erupt in some continental magmatic arcs (e.g. the Lund Tuff of the Great Basin and the Fish Canyon Tuff of Colorado in western USA). Apparently, their magma chambers were only modestly heterogeneous and not systematically zoned from top to botto...

To investigate pedological criterion on land degradation in Quaternary rock units, at first, a part of the shoor watershed area was selected. After distinguishing target area, slope classes, land use and geology maps were created, then map of units were founded by overlaying and crossing these maps. In this research three indices of erodibility, salinity and permeability of soils were considere...

Zonation patterns along elevation and depth gradients are common in rocky intertidal and subtidal ecosystems (Underwood 1985; Foster & Schiel 1985; Hawkins et al. 1992; Bertness et al. 2006; and many others) and universal patterns in taxon composition, richness and abundance have been suggested (e.g. Stephenson & Stephenson

introduction the natural phenomenon events are involved with several natural and unnatural factors that play a specific role in it event. landslides, is example of such natural phenomena that resulted from interaction of various factors. understanding the impact and weight of each factor by mathematical models can be solution for landslide study in term of zonation and extraction. landslides ar...