Desalting/dehydration plants (DDP) are often installed in crude oil production units in order to remove water-soluble salts from an oil stream. This paper describes the development of simple inferential estimators for product quality of the desalting/dehydration process. The inferential estimators were constructed to capture the relationship between the product quality of the plant and the proc...

3. Soluble Metal Oxides 2459 3.1. Polyoxometalates 2459 3.2. Peroxotungstates 2459 3.3. Peroxomolybdates 2460 3.4. Methyltrioxorhenium 2461 3.5. Other Metal Oxides 2461 4. Metal Oxides Generated in Situ 2461 4.1. Selenium and Arsenic Compounds 2461 4.2. Simple Metal Salts 2462 5. Coordination Complexes 2463 5.1. Manganese Porphyrins 2463 5.2. Iron Porphyrins 2464 5.3. Manganese Salen Complexes ...

A xenobiotic can be defined as any chemical or other substance that is not normally found in the ecosystems or that is present at concentrations harmful to all biological organisms. This general definition could be applied to anthropogenic and naturally occurring constituents. Organic contaminants can include pesticides, solvents and petroleum products. Inorganic xenobiotics include heavy metal...

The performance of membrane elements operating in a reverse osmosis system is affected by the feed water composition, feed temperature, feed pressure, and permeate recovery ratio. Membrane compaction and fouling also affect membrane performance. Performance at a given set of system operating parameters can be calculated from nominal membrane performance at reference test conditions. I. FEED WAT...

Dissolved mineral salts when heated to form hard-soluble scale, which leads to lower thermal conductivity and a waste of energy. To prevent scale deposition is required to develop effective, stable and cost-effective and highly efficient new inhibitors. In this article the study of the synthesis of dimethylsulfonateurea (DMSU) on the basis of urea and testing as scale inhibitor. Synthesized by ...

An analysis is given of several biologically important processes, connected with the crystallization and kinetics of liophilization in aqueous physiological solutions. These are glass formation and vitrification of life, precipitation of slightly soluble salts and kinetics of crystallization in human urine, and the solution of CaOX concretions under the influence of biocompatible solubilizators...

Sieve Residue Sieve residue refers to non-dispersable contaminants (such as coke, refractory particles, water soluble salts and metal oxides) and is expressed as a percentage of the carbon black by weight. Sixty and 325 Mesh sieves are used for this test. The resulting grit can cause blemishes and may affect the appearance and performance of some rubber and plastic products. The 325 Mesh grit i...

The solubility of fatty acids and cholesterol in bile does not appear to be due to the formation of soluble compounds of the choleic acid type. The bile is made up chiefly of the conjugated bile salts and such compounds with conjugated bile acids or salts have not been isolated (1). It is generally agreed that the solution of oils in aqueous solutions of soaps is associated with the micelle for...

The processing of dietary lipids can be distinguished in several sequential steps, including their emulsification, hydrolysis and micellization, before they are absorbed by the enterocytes. Emulsification of lipids starts in the stomach and is mediated by physical forces and favoured by the partial lipolysis of the dietary lipids due to the activity of gastric lipase. The process of lipid diges...

The unfolding of cellular prion protein and its refolding to the scrapie isoform are related to prion diseases. Studies in the literature have shown that structures of proteins, either acidic or basic, are stabilized against denaturation by certain neutral salts, for example, sulfate and fluoride. Contrary to these observations, the full-length recombinant prion protein (amino acid residues 23-...