The ultrafiltration of plasma in the mammalian glomerulus is the first step in the processing of blood by the kidney. Proper functioning of this process is critical to the kidney's ability to effectively eliminate waste and retain desirable substances. The glomerular barrier has long been regarded as both a size and charge selective screen for plasma solutes. The origin of this selectivity is f...

Direct measurements have been made of the net volume flow through cellulose membranes, due to a difference in concentration of solute across the membrane. The aqueous solutions used included solutes ranging in size from deuterated water to bovine serum albumin. For the semipermeable membrane (impermeable to the solute) the volume flow produced by the osmotic gradient is equal to the flow produc...

The renal concentrating mechanism is considered to be limited by a maximal urine osmolal concentration or a maximal osmotic urine/plasma (U/P) ratio at low rates of solute excretion (1). When solute excretion is increased by the administration of large osmotic loads to hvdropenic subjects urine osmolality decreases (2-4). This decrease has recently been ascribed to the limitation imposed by the...

A mathematical model of solute transient diffusion across the cornea to the anterior chamber of the eye was developed for topical drug delivery. Solute bioavailability was predicted given solute molecular radius and octanol-to-water distribution coefficient (Phi), ocular membrane ultrastructural parameters, tear fluid hydrodynamics, as well as solute distribution volume (Vd) and clearance rate ...

We present a kinetic Monte Carlo method for simulating dislocation motion in alloys within the framework of the kink model. The model considers the glide of a dislocation in a static, three-dimensional solute atom atmosphere. It includes both a description of the short-range interaction between a dislocation core and the solute and long-range solute-dislocation interactions arising from the int...

In this paper, we perform two-dimensional simulations of cross-flow forward osmosis (FO) membrane modules in the presence of draw and feed channel spacers. For this purpose, the equations corresponding to the conservation of mass, momentum, and convection-diffusion for the mass fraction of solute are solved using a commercial finite volume flow solver. We consider six configurations of channel ...

Hemodialysis aims at removing uremic toxins thus decreasing their concentrations. The present study investigated whether Kt/V(urea), used as marker of dialysis adequacy, is correlated with these concentrations. Predialysis blood samples were taken before a midweek session in 71 chronic HD patients. Samples were analyzed by colorimetry, HPLC, or ELISA for a broad range of uremic solutes. Solute ...

We show that phase separation can occur in a one-component liquid outside its coexistence curve (CX) with addition of a small amount of a solute. The solute concentration at the transition decreases with increasing the difference of the solvation chemical potential between liquid and gas. As a typical bubble-forming solute, we consider O2 in ambient liquid water, which exhibits mild hydrophobic...

a solute diffuses may cause the observed, or effective diffusion coefficient (De) to be lower than the diffusion Diffusion is often the dominant mode of solute transport in soils coefficient of a compound in water (D0) (Rao et al., when advection is minimal. This paper describes the application of a radial diffusion cell method to estimate the effective diffusion coeffi1980). Moreover, exclusio...

he dynamics of formation of solute peaks inmicrofluidic systems are investigated by comuter simulation. A finite-element numerical procedure is applied to analyze the diffusionnd flow-controlled concentration dispersion in a 40 m-high rectangular flow-through hannel. Two-dimensional concentration profiles are shown for channels with cross secions of large aspect ratio. The final shapes of the p...